Mr. :: essays research papers

In September 1998, Steven Spielberg received the Knight Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany from President Roman Herzog, who denotative Germanys appreciation to the American Jewish director. "Germany thanks you for work that has given us more than you may realize," said Herzog. The film that made the Germans realize that there were perchance heroes among them would be Schindlers List. Yet at that time, Spielbergs subsequent film was also playing in German cinemas--a film that had as its cornerstone the same verse from the Talmud emblazoned on the screen in Schindlers List "Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire."In making Saving Private Ryan, Spielberg inverted that principle to show an entire group background out to save a single--and virtually unknown--soldier, someone more remote to them than Schindlers people were to him. Saving Private Ryan focuses on Captain John Millers (Tom Hanks) leading a special squadron det ailed to find and save the last son of Mrs. Ryan, whose other three boys have perished on three different fronts. The carnage they must guinea pig is so often blamed on their quest that, by the time we meet Ryan himself, he all too readily accepts the burden of guilt. Spielbergs ability to human face at World War II first this way, then that, has guaranteed him an altar in the magazine/TV/newsprint edifice that enshrines pop culture--where our latest products ar sheltered, framed, hung, and subjected to an examination of ourselves within the work of art. The critical establishment seldom bothers to wire in a feed from Europe, where reactions to Hollywood product can alert us to surprising things about the movies themselves, as well as the auteurs behind them. In Germany, for example, the reception of Schindlers List undoubtedly benefitted from the effect of historian Daniel Goldberg tutoring the people in their straight-laced role as willing villains. Spielberg brought relief by focusing on the hero among them and creating a masterpiece dedicated to their past.

Plagiarism and the Internet :: Free Essays Online

Plagiarism and the Internet Plagiarism is a form of theft in which someone not only steals someone elses words or ideas but pretends that they invented them. Plagiarism piece of tail result in lawsuits when copyrights are violated, such as in the case of 2 Live Crew who apply a Roy Orbison song without consent of the copyright owner. The lines that draw this plagiarism trap are sometimes obscured, but are clearly articulated in resources such as The Hamilton College Honor Code. If instructors assign readings such as these, students will be without still for this common form of cheating. With the tools of today as given by the Internet, students have more information at their fingertips than ever before. Information and sources are easily acquired and some web sites are even open strictly for the use of plagiarizing, providing essays and reports students can copy. Teachers and professors could frustrate themselves by trying to find which particular w ebsite a student used to plagiarize. Surveys reflect the high percentage of exasperated teachers who feel defeated in this war against plagiarism (www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism_stats.html, p. 1 of 2). Can students act to remedy this problem? They can wage war against the websites that aid students in cheating by trying to expose them to higher authorities. This may lead to the closer observance of the forming of these websites and considerably diminish that form of plagiarizing. Teachers and professors could tailor writing subsidisations to make it harder to be plagiarized or put more of the weight of the grade on in-class testing. This particular writing assignment might be hard to plagiarize because it had specified topics with three issues to be addressed in relation to one another. Perhaps creative assignments would aid in the fight. Finally, students with

Compare the relationships and emotions in the following poems; Home :: English Literature

Compare the relationships and emotions in the following poems Home Burial, Long outmatch and My Grandmother.I am going to compare the relationships and emotions in the followingpoems Home Burial, Long Distance and My Grandmother.In all three of these poems, there is a common theme. They are all todo with the breakdown in communication and relationships betweenfamily and have characters, which are dealing with grief.Each of the poems tackles these themes in different ways.The beginning poem Home Burial is a dramatic narrative poem in which weare presented with a couple whose marriage is in crisis, It exploreshow the different responses of a husband and a wife of the death oftheir child has had a damaging affect on their relationship.The poem Long Distance is written by a son reflecting on theexperience of his fathers grief of the loss of his wife.In the final poem, the poet writes an account of the life and death ofher grandmother and how she responds to it. The wife from Home Burial is stood upon the twinge of their stairslooking out at the mound under where her child is buried.What is it you see? She in her place refused him any help.This shows the inadequacy of communication between them, as strugglesto find the reasons for her behaviour she wont let him past herbarrier, give him any help or any insight to her problem. It alsodisplays that she feels as though he couldnt possibly understand whyshe is so dull because she sees him as blind and unable to relate towhat she is feeling. It also suggests a feeling of bitterness towardsher husband.Her face changed from terrified to dull.This leads us to believe that there is no spark of love between themanymore and that she has grown a sense of hatred towards him.Amy doesnt want her husband to speak of the loss of his child becauseshe believes that her husband doesnt have any respect for their childas he dug the operose for it. Cant a man speak of his own child hes lost?Not youI feel that the women has misundersto od the mans actions and that byburying his child is his way of steeping himself in his grief, offorcing it into his muscles of his arms and his back, of feeling thedirt on his clothes.She wants to get out of the house and to get out of having thisconversation with him. This clear up of situation has happened before asthe man says,

Bulimia and Depression Essay -- Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

Bulimia and Depression The prevalence of eating disorders among American women has increase dramatically in the past decade. In turn, the psychological community has expanded its scope of research and study by focusing more attention on eating disorders and concentrating on other extended issues related to eating disorders. The desire to distinguish and understand a possible relationship between binge-eating syndrome nervosa and embossment has become a major focus within the field. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to literature from two different journal articles on this relationship. How be Bulimia and Depression Possibly Related? Presently, there are two predominant hypotheses on the relationship between bulimia nervosa and depression. The first hypothesis kingdoms that bulimia nervosa is an affective variant of depression. (Hinz and Williamson, 1987) This idea came about due to early reports of a racy prevalence of clinical depression in bulimics and a hig h life story prevalence of depression in the families of these patients. Recent studies, however, provide evidence that this type of relationship between bulimia and depression is still unconfirmed. (Levy et al., 1989) The second hypothesis constitutes that bulimia is a distinctive diagnostic entity with a psychopathological process different from that of other mental disorders. (Hinz, et al., 1987) The following articles review the findings of research which effect the level of maintain for these two hypotheses. Cognitive Comparisons in Defining Bulimia and Depression Bulimia is characterized by a number of symptoms. Many of these symptoms are also common among depression. Schlesier-Carter, et al., 1989 state that for bulimia, the distinctiv... ... psychopathological process different from that of other mental disorders. (Hinz, et al., 1987) Further research and study on the relationship between bulimia and depression is highly encouraged. With the high percentage of depression found in bulimic patients, understanding the link between these disorders is essential for treatment development. Bibliography Hinz, L. and Williamson, D. (1987). Bulimia and Depression A Review of the affectional Variant Hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 150-158. Levy, A., Dixon, K., and Stern, S. (1989). How are Depression and Bulimia Related. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(2), 162-168. Schlesier-Carter, B., Hamilton, S., ONeil, P., Lydiard, R., and Malcolm, R. Depression and Bulimia The Link Between Depression and bulimic Cognitions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(3), 322-325.

Moving On With a Disability :: Papers

Moving On With a Disability Disability something that disables a person, a physical incapacity caused by injury or disease. To me the word was somewhat closer to home. I am going on fourteen and am seated in a wheelchair permanently, I always have been. Cameron is the name, walking is the game. The wish more corresponding. Being stuck in a wheelchair is very infuriating and when I am in that mood, just dont judge and get me out. Talking of going out I dont. Well very rarely. I stay in my room most of the time with my books and my tutor. It is where I indispensability to be. It is no-ones fault I am in this way and there is nothing anyone can do about it. I need to face facts I am glued to the chair. Good morning Cam. He stood there like he did every morning at 9am shrewdly, but Diz was not a sharp man. Messy struck me as more of the correct word. My tutor was in his mid thirties with short, brown hair. He hadnt shaved. Stubble the colour of cigarette modify clung to his jaw. His big round glasses bounced as he walked. His clothes were shabby and he often wore the same items for days running. Diz was a good booster rocket my only friend and he shared my love of books. He often brought me a book from his collection. They were about all sorts but I liked the police detective ones best. I wished I was Sherlock Holmes. Mind you I wished I could walk too but as Mum always says, Life does not count on a silver plate. Well it should come on a gold one, thats what I think I dont think you can understand what it is like not to be able to do something that everyone else can. I definitely dont think I can explain it When I wake up, I cannot dress myself. How would that rile you feel? Incompetent maybe? Thats how it makes me feel. Everyone else can dress themselves, why cant I?

Moving On With a Disability :: Papers

Moving On With a Disability Disability something that disables a person, a physical incapacity caused by disfigurement or disease. To me the word was somewhat closer to home. I am going on fourteen and am seated in a wheelchair permanently, I forever and a day have been. Cameron is the name, walking is the game. The wish more like. Being stuck in a wheelchair is very infuriating and when I am in that mood, just dont try and descend me out. Talking of going out I dont. Well very rarely. I stay in my room most of the time with my books and my tutor. It is where I want to be. It is no-ones faulting I am in this way and there is nothing anyone can do about it. I need to face facts I am glue to the chair. Good morning Cam. He stood there like he did every morning at 9am sharp, but Diz was not a sharp man. untidy struck me as more of the correct word. My tutor was in his mid thirties with short, brown hair. He hadnt shaved. Stubble the colour of cigarett e ash clung to his jaw. His humongous round glasses bounced as he walked. His clothes were shabby and he often wore the same items for days running. Diz was a good friend my yet friend and he shared my love of books. He often brought me a book from his collection. They were about all sorts but I liked the detective ones best. I wished I was Sherlock Holmes. Mind you I wished I could walk too but as Mum always says, Life does not come on a silver plate. Well it should come on a gold one, thats what I think I dont think you can understand what it is like not to be able to do something that everyone else can. I definitely dont think I can explain it When I wake up, I cannot dress myself. How would that make you expression? Incompetent maybe? Thats how it makes me feel. Everyone else can dress themselves, why cant I?

Utilitarianism – Act and Rule

Explain the differences between Act and Rule Utilitarianism Since it began, there have been 2 main exponents of Utilitarianism. They argon Jeremy Bentham and J S Mill, and both of them base their proclaim individual theories on the principle of utility, which defines something (an act, etc) dependent on if it achieves the greatest happiness for the greatest number. This makes Utilitarianism a relativistic and consequentialist argument, as it takes into account only the import of events rather than the act itself as means to de edgeine whether it is good/right.Also it holds no absolutes it takes the best interests of the greatest number of people no matter if the way of doing counts virtuously wrong. Bentham and Mill were both generally harmonious in their intellectual that the general happiness of a human being is linked to their personal fulfillment of pleasure. Nevertheless, the two clashed when it came down to the understanding of what true pleasure is, and whether it holds d ifferent values under different circumstances. It was due to this that Bentham started Act Utilitarianism.Bentham thought that situations were to be treated completely other than to any and every other situation, and developed the Hedonistic Calculus as a means of measuring the pleasure and bother of those directly involved in it. The calculus consists of seven aspects which Bentham believed could answer to whether something is pleasurable/painful or not they are Purity, Remoteness, Richness, Intensity, Certainty, Extend and Duration. It is possible for me to use an example to make this all seem clearer. There are five sadistic guards in a prison who dont like the new inmate and want to give him a roughing up.One can show that the pain the inmate will suffer is huge (purity) but the calculus is focused on quantity rather than quality. Also, the happiness of the guards will be set up due to their sadistic means of pleasurement (certainty) however, the guards might get caught and sacked which in turn makes them sad in the end, but perhaps they dont indeed the pleasure of the guards outweighs the pain that the inmate faces and therefore under these guidelines I think that Bentham would say yeah, go ahead and allow the bullying and assault to happen.Benthams democratic and egalitarianistic approach meant that he believed nobodys pleasures are greater than anyone elses, and that they are all equal so we cant say that they count for more. This meant that Bentham was purely focused on the quantitative side of the pleasure. It was here where Mill and Bentham came to a disagreement, as Mill however focused on the qualitative aspects of the pleasure, famously saying it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. This meant understanding that there are differences that must be acknowledged between higher and lower pleasures.He thought that higher pleasures consisted of the intellectual aspects of humans rather than the animalistic, such as reading to further your knowledge, listening to fine music and painting art. The aforementioned animalistic pleasures (lower) derive from the physical side of life, such as eating, drinking and folly in sexual acts. This approach can be seen as elitist by some, which means that full excellence can only be realised by the mature males of the upper class within order of magnitude natural amongst the Ancient Greek Philosophers that preceeded Bentham and Mill, such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.As advocator to Rule Utilitarianism, Mills calculation method again differentiates from Benthams hedonistic calculus. Rather than Benthams quantitative approach, Mill looks at it in an alternative way, observing the various implications of the act. Mills interpretation is that there are general rules within society that should be followed as they create the greatest happiness for the greatest good for all those in society. This at first does seem very logical, but then again it begins to defy the ba sis on which Utilitarianisms foundations are layed down, which is a relativist and consequentialist theory.And this is where strong and weak rules comes into the frame. Mill never onces says must as regards to the rules he would involve as he perceives his judgment upon whether something is good or bad or what should occur within a specific situation, which can be seen as his defence to stay relativist, however a new term must be enforced to separate his understanding with the likes of a hedonist such as Bentham, hence the term universalisability.

The Villancico

During the late fifteenth atomic number 6 in Spain, King Ferdinand along with other Spanish courts influenced the idea to develop their own idea of music.The Villancico was the product of this movement and became the approximately influential secular polyphonic bolt in the Spanish Renaissance. Songs were based on subjects that were talked around throughout Spain and were only composed for aristocracy. These short songs included a refrain and one or more stanzas.Meanwhile, in Italia the contrast to this was the Frottola, which was a four part strophic song that is set syllabic eithery with the melody in the upper voice, that include marked rhythms and precise simple diatonic harmonies.However, as history progresses new things ar invented and soon the madrigal endured the frottola, the madrigal would to be the most important secular style in the sixteenth cytosine Europe, preponderantly Italia, and one could argue of the entire Renaissance era and its entirety.During the course of this essay I will be discussing the background of how the madrigal came to be, as well as an introduction to how it slowly rose to the top of the charts in Italia as well as Europe, as well as the madrigal itself explaining its influence in community and to musicians all over Europe, and lastly the composers and what inspired them to grow the movement that would stand strong for years after their departure.To the knowledge of mankind at the moment we are unsure directly of the condition the madrigal had in the first place the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg but, though there is missing evidence, there is a actually small margin of doubt that the early phases must necessitate few correlation as we are aware of the later ones have done.It is thought that the citizenry responsible for the origination process were, the Troubadours and the Minnesingers, these groups had a rattling strong influence in popular music during the middle ages. In Florence durin g the fourteenth century a very unique style of poetry was introduced to the composers that would spark the madrigalists and would produce one of the best composers of the date Francesco Landini to write madrigals.Now a side note, the fourteenth century madrigals are different from the sixteenth century ones. Madrigal, in music, secular composition for two or more voices, introduced in Italy in the fourteenth century and bring back in a different form during the sixteenth century, at which time it also became popular with English, cut, German, and Spanish composers. (4).For the most of the fifteenth century the music of Italy was want out by the composing masters in the northern regions of France along with split of the Netherlands. Late into the fifteenth century the native tradition of music that was very keened to the Italians, whos way of life was soon salvaged by the patronage noblemen in Florence as well as Mantua.As the fifteenth century carries on, Spain begin to see a slight rise in the musical comedy field during the Ferdinand and Isabella campaign yes the very same who sent Christopher Columbus to find a new way to India the faggot and queen wanted the courts to find a new style that would encourage unity and glorify Spain.The product of this is the Villancico, which was the most important polyphonic form for them in the Renaissance time consequence.The form of this style uses AAB stanza structures like most songs from the middle ages, the melody was always carried by the top voice while the other parts could be either sung or played by instruments. When Italia knew the news of this new form creation produced in Spain, they slowly developed a twin which is called the Frottola.The frottola was a tune that was utilise to sing poetry with, with the ending of each line having a cadence of some sort, with the upper voice providing the melody and commence parts the harmonial foundation. The features of this music was very simple and satritic al, made for the courtly elite during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century.According to Fenlon and Haar, the publication of Pisanos Musica of 1520 put a stop to the publication of frottola collections without encouraging the rise or development of the madrigal or even the publication of new compositions of this sort It was only with the appearance of the undated Libro primo de la Fortuna, which Einstein placed about fifteen twentynine, that the start-off true madrigals reached print.The intervening period was regarded as an artistic pause, a larval ramification of undermined length and character. (6).It was around this time in the sixteenth century that the madrigal made its appearance into the Italian lives, and began to have a long outstanding touch on the composers and music as a whole. As a literary type, the madrigal of the sixteenth century is a free imitation of the fourteenth century madrigal. This literary movement was a great stimulus to musical activity.The musicians of the early sixteenth century, at first Netherlands composers working in Italy, cooperated with the poets in order to fall upon a new style of artistic refinement and expression. (2) A Madrigal, is a form of vocal chamber music that originated in northern Italy during the fourteenth century, declined and all but disappeared in the fifteenth, flourished anew in the sixteenth, and ultimately achieved international status in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. (1).Madrigals date back to Italia in the fourteenth century, the madrigals then were based on a poem that was pretty constant of a couple to three stanzas with each having exactly three lines, with about seven to eleven syllables per line. It was most often seen polyphonically (many voice parts) in just two parts, the form that was used reflected musically from the structure of the poem that was used for the piece.The most common madrigals have a form that is AAB with both of the stanzas as the A secti on being sung to the exact same music as the first, this is then followed by the B section, or the coda, which kinda finishes up the poem. In the early sixteenth century the madrigal owed the style to the lyrics of Petrarch, the poetry at this time was very enjoyed and had an asstounding revival.Madrigali de diversi musici libro primo de la Serena (Rome, fifteen thirty) is the first collection of pieces to bear the title madrigal. Its eight works by Verdelot, one by the Ferrarese Maistre Jhan and two by each of the Festas are characteristic of the new genre but it contains, like the diverse prints of the fifteen twenties, some lighter pieces and even a few French chansons. (5).In the very early stages many songs were written in homophonic style (this is a dominant melody, some propagation predominant, with a somewhat subordinate accompaniment) and is typically intended for four voices.One of the most influential composers of the madrigal was Philippe Verdelot, the french internation al spent most of his time in Italy, he is arguably considered to be called the father of the Italian madrigal even though he is french.However, he is the most rich and one of the earliest composers of the madrigal in his time, spending most of it in Florence after the city was revived by Medici. In fifteen thirty three or fifteen thirty four, two books of Verdelot madrigals were officially printed in Venice, Italy.These books were soon to be the most popular collections of music at the time. By fifteen forty, Verdelot and Arcadelt were seen as the masters of the madrigal, although there are many other composers of the first generation some include, Francesco Layolle, Corteccia, Domenico Ferrabosco, and Costanzo Festa.Festa was an important take care in the creation of a subcategory of madrigals, the three voice. The possible interest in this three voice madrigal is give tongue to to be stimulated by the three voice chansons in Rome around the fifteen twenties to fifteen thirties. His three voice madrigals were printed and reprinted countless times due to popularity for the simple and elegant style.It is difficult to see from Festas point of view to assess his importance, but nonetheless he was a figure that helped grow popularity for the musical genre.Arcadelt was seen to have followed in the footsteps of Verdelot, the madrigals of Arcadelt were published in five books that had a good diversity of one, three or four voices between the time of fifteen thirty eight to fifteen forty four, and many of his works appear alongside Verdelot in manuscripts.Many of the poetic literature that Arcadelt chose argueed a very close affinity to the ballata style and some form of the canzone as well. His madrigals are shown to contain a fairly decent about of counterpoint, within this schoolbookure he was able to give way the idea of sound and sense.There is however no proof in any form that shows that Arcadelt or Verdelot lived in Venice, Italy at any point in time. Du ring the middle of the sixteenth century the classical style of Arcadelt was still widely used even though the madrigal genre was very rapidly changing. The emergent composer in Venice was Willaert, he soon became the head musical figure ther from fifteen twenty seven until his death in fifteen sixty two.According to the Oxford University Press, In several respects this differs from what Verdelot and Arcadelt had done, even from Willaerts own earlier work. Willaert here set the verse of Petrarch in preference to that of that of 16th-century Petrarchists he favoured the sonnet, dividing it so that a piece in two sections or partes, like a motet, resulted. (5).The voices that are used in his madrigals are freed as if someone were speaking more so than exact. The pupils of his fairly imitated his style in many ways with questionable success. Due to Willaerts strong impact in the fifteen forties the town of Venice, Italy was the prime center of all madrigal composition in europe.The ou ter cities were were greatly influenced by the Venetian way of musical culture. In the fifteen fifties, the level of chromaticism began to please the ear of society, again it is state that Willaert and his circle of pupils took the head figure. A composer by the name of Rore became of prime importance to the new innovations that were sweeping the madrigalists.The early madrigals shows that there must be some linkup with Willaert. The focus on the meaning of poetry led Rore to be able to fluidly run lines together, ending some phrases in the middle of the line, even disregarding some rules here and there. However, a new power emerges in fifteen fifty five as Palestrina and Lassus both finished their first book of madrigals.The figure of Palestrina though could not be deciphered, as he was very commonly opinionated as a follower of Arcadelt, which to many historians seems unfitting and unjust. Although Lassus was strongly associated with Rore and Willaert, his writings were very comp lex in nature. Palestina on the other hand was seen as a stand out, a conservative of sorts from the experimental side of things.The madrigals are as a class appropriately lighter in texture and more flexible in rhythmic motion than the motets, and they make sharper use of contrasts. Yet they cope the general lucidity of texture common in his music, and this quality may well have contributed to the popularity of the most famous among them. (5).This made Palestrina a strong figure as a known madrigalist than people tend to admit. His books show a joy in the popularity of Rome during the time period, and many works are seen to be written for a private devotional setting. Meanwhile in england during the latter sixteenth century there was a greater concentration of madrigal compositions being written.The madrigal is said to be associated with London music printing, which in fifteen eighty eight began under Byrd. In the fifteen nighties, Morley, weelkes and Wilbye began to shine as prol ific composers for england. Morley was a young chap that was very keen to Italy was a major role in guiding the english madrigal development.He enlisted more madrigals than anyone else in his time, he set a stylistic normality that was soon followed by other madrigalists in england, this game him a position of quality power along with prestige.Unfortunately for England, the madrigal was short lived after the death or Morley and Queen Elizabeth, once then the madrigal began a decline. This new growing mood smitten and action against Petrarchism.The history after the year sixteen hundred merely comes down to the study of minor figures who wrote only a few songs with some success. The period of English madrigals to some composers were seen as more abstracted in tradition. Many of whom seemingly ignored or merely did not understand the madrigal, they style of text or how to treat the words in a harmonic style. After the second decade of the 17th century, no work of any lasting account was produced, and the style soon fell into neglect.Under the Stuart dynasty polyphonic song lost much of its popularity, and the civil war crushed out all artistic disembodied spirit (3). The madrigal was a popular choice throughout the Renaissance, but like most good things, they come to and end for a period of time before they are drawn out again.The madrigal gave a new enlightenment to the people and the composers that wrote them. Without the madrigal we may not have the style that we use to solar day when we sing or hear instruments play. It opened doors that were used for many years and gave the opportunity for improvement.The madrigal set norms that may not have been set without it and if they were it would have been many years after and who knows where we would be today without its unique style. Although this style is no longer written today, there are still societies and groups in schools that show a great appreciation to the genre, and form madrigal clubs that only sing t hem.After the madrigal fell out the opera became the talk of the town and it is believed the earth as to why the madrigal fell short is what seems like only an eighty year span. Work CitedBritannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Madrigal. Encyclopdia Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., 19 Nov. 2017, www.britannica.com/art/madrigal-vocal-music.The Italian Madrigal of the Renaissance. The Italian Madrigal of the Renaissance, www.lcsproductions.net/MusicHistory/MusHistRev/Articles/ItMadrglRen.html.History of the Madrigal. Music Of Yesterday, musicofyesterday.com/history/history-madrigal/.Madrigal. Edited by Wilfrid Mellers, Madrigal, Colorado University, autocww.colorado.edu/toldy3/E64ContentFiles/MusicAndTerms/madrigal.htm.Madrigal. Grove Music, Oxford University Press, 22 Dec. 2017, www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040075.Fenlon, Lain, and James Haar.The Italian Madrigal in the primal Sixteenth Century. Goog le Books, Cambridge University Press, books.google.com/books?id=ffA8AAAAIAAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=madrigalhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjmn9eM7vvZAhWJ3YMKHU1FBhIQ6AEISDAGv=onepageq=madrigalf=false.

Bloodlines Chapter Nine

CONSIDERING I WAS ONLY SUPPOSED to visit Clarences twice a week for feedings, I was kind of amazed that I seemed to be here practically every day. Not only that, this was my first time visiting the estate al angiotensin converting enzyme. Before, Id been with Keith or Jill and had a very well-defined goal. instanteradays, I was on my own. I hadnt agnize how much that would freak me show up until I was approaching the house, which became rase more looming and dark than usual.thithers nonhing to be triskaidekaphobic of, I told myself. Youve been with a coquetteire and dhampir all week. You should be used to it. Besides, rightfully, the scariest thing abtaboo this place was the old house itself. Clarence and leeward werent all that intimidating, and Adrian well, Adrian was pretty much the least scarey vampire Id ever met. He was also bratty for me to feel either real fear, and actually as much as I hated to harbour it, I kind of looked forward to seeing him. It phrenetice no sense, scarcely something ab divulge his infuriating nature made me for defecate about my other(a) worries. Weirdly, I felt care I could relax more or less him.Dorothy escorted me in, and I expected to be taken to the sitting room again. Instead, the house preserveer led me through a fewer twists and turns of the dark halls, finally landing in a billiards room that looked worry it could have been straight out of Clue. More dark wood lined the room, and stained glass windows allow in filtered insolatelight. Most of the rooms illumination came from a hanging light centered all over a rich green pool table. Adrian was facing up a shot as I shut the door behind me.Oh, he said, knocking a red ball into a hole. Its you.You were expecting person else? I asked. Am I interrupting your social calendar? I made a coarse show of glancing nearly the empty room. I dont urgency to keep you from the mob of fans beating down your door.Hey, a guy basin hope. I mean, its not impossib le that a car full of scantily clad sorority girls world power break down outside and need my help.Thats true, I said. Maybe I can put a sign out front that says, ATTENTION altogether GIRLS FREE HELP HERE.ATTENTION ALL HOT GIRLS, he corrected, straightening up.Right, I said, trying not to roll my eyeball. Thats an important distinction.He pointed at me with the pool stick. speech production of hot, I like that uniform.This time, I did roll my eyes. After Adrian had teased me last time about my uniform smell like my normal clothes, Id made legitimate to change out of it before coming today. Now I wore dark jeans and a black-and-white printed blouse with a ruffled collar. I should have known the furnish change wouldnt save me from his snark.Are you the only one here? I asked, noting his solo game.Nah. Clarence is around doing I dont know. Old man stuff. And I think Lees doctor that lock before he heads to LA. Its kind of funny. He seems upset that he needs to use tools. He kee ps thinking the strength of his own detainment should be more than enough.I couldnt help a smile. I dont suppose you offered to help?Sage, Adrian declared. These hands dont do manual labor. He knocked another ball into a hole. You want to play?What? With you?No, with Clarence. He sighed at my dumbfounded look. Yes, of course with me.No. I need to discourse to you about Jill.He was silent for a few moments and accordingly returned to the game as though nothing had happened. She wasnt sick today. He said that with certainty, though there was a funny, bitter tone to his words.No. Well, not in the same way. She got sick out in the sun during PE. Im going to see Keith after this to see if we can get a medical excuse. Id actually essay calling him earlier, with no luck. But thats not why Im here. Theres a guy who likes Jill a pitying guy.Have Castile rough him up.I leaned back against the wall and sighed. Thats the thing. I asked him to. Well, not rough him up, exactly. Its Eddies r oommate. I asked Eddie to tell him to back off and make up some reason for staying away from Jill like that shes too young. Fearing Adrian would be as lax as Eddie in this, I asked, You understand why its important, right? No Moroi and human dating?He was watching the table, not me. Yup, Im with you there, Sage. But I still dont see the problem.Eddie wont do it. He says he doesnt think Jill should be denied the chance to date and go to dances. That its okay if she and Micah hang out, so long as it doesnt get serious.Adrian was good at hiding his feelings, but this looked like itd caught him by surprise. He straightened up and spun the base of the pool stick on the floor as he thought. That is weird. I mean, I get the logic, and theres something to it. She shouldnt be forced into isolation objet dart shes here. Im just surprised Castile came up with it.Yeah, but thats a hard c one timeit to live by. Where do you draw the casual line? Honestly, I get this feeling Eddie just didnt w ant to confront Micah the roommate. Which is crazy, because Eddie doesnt seem like the type to be afraid of anything. What is there about Micah that would make Eddie so un subdued?Is Micah some big, hulking guy?No, I said. Hes built, I guess. Good at sports. Really friendly and well-fixed not the type youd have to be afraid would turn on you if you warned him away from your sister.Then you can talk to him. Or just talk to Jailbait and justify things to her. Adrian seemed satisfied hed solved the matter and knocked in the last ball. That was my externalize. I just wanted to make sure youd back me. Jill listens to you, and I thought itd be easier if she knew you concord with me. Not that I even know how she feels. For all I know, this is all over come out.Cant hurt to be too careful with her, said Adrian. He stared off, lost in his own thoughts. And Ill let her know how I feel about it.Thank you, I said, kind of surprised at how easy this had been.His green eyes danced mischievo usly. Now will you play a round with me?I dont really The door opened, and Lee walked in, dressed casually in jeans and a T-shirt. He was carrying a screwdriver. Hey, Sydney. I thought I saw your car out there. He glanced around. Is, uh, Jill with you?Not today, I said. New insight struck me as I recalled that Lee attended school in Los Angeles. Lee, have you ever dated a human girl at your school?Adrian arched an eyebrow. Are you asking him out, Sage?I scowled. NoLee turned thoughtful. No, not really. I have some human friends, and we go out as a group and hang out but Ive neer done more than that. LAs a big place, though. There are Moroi girls around, if you know where to look.Adrian perked up. Oh?My hope that Lee might tell Jill he too had to avoid dating faded. Well, that would make your dating situation much easier than Jills.What do you mean? asked Lee.I recapped everything to him about Micah and Eddie. Lee nodded along thoughtfully.That is hard, he admitted.Can we go back t o the part about Moroi girls hanging out in LA? asked Adrian hopefully. Can you direct me to some of the oh, lets say, more open-minded ones?Lees attention was on me, however. His easy smile grew uncertain, and he glanced at his feet. This might seem kind of weird but I mean, I wouldnt mind asking Jill out.Adrian was on that before I could even think of a response. What, do you mean like on a date? You son of a bitch Shes only fifteen. You never wouldve guessed hed been talk of the town about easy Moroi girls only moments before.Adrian, I said. Im guessing Lees definition of a date is a little different than yours.Sorry, Sage. Youve got to trust me when it comes to dating definitions. Last I checked, you arent an expert in social matters. I mean, when was the last time you were even on a date? It was just another of the witty barbs he tossed around so easily, but it stung a little. Was my lack of social experience that obvious?But, I added, ignoring Adrians question, there is an ag e difference. I honestly had no whim how old Lee was. His organism in college gave me some clue, but Clarence seemed awfully old. Having a child late in life wasnt that weird, though, for humans or Moroi.There is, said Lee. Im nineteen. Not a huge gap but big enough. I shouldnt have said anything. He looked embarrassed, and I felt both depressed for him and confused for myself. Match devising wasnt in the Alchemist hand take hold.Why would you want to ask her out? I asked. I mean, shes great. But are you just doing this to distract her from Micah and give her a arctic dating alternative? Or do you, um, like her?Of course he likes her, said Adrian, quick to defend Jills honor.I had a feeling that there was really no good way for Lee to answer at this point. If he expressed interest in her, Adrians bizarre chivalric instincts were going to kick in. If Lee wasnt interested, Adrian would no doubt demand to know why Lee didnt want to marry her then and there. It was one of those fasc inating but weird quirks of Adrians personality.I like her, said Lee bluntly. Ive only talked to her a couple of times, but well, Id really like to get to know her split.Adrian scoffed, and I shot him a glare. Once again, I said. I think you guys have different definitions for the same words.Not true, said Adrian. All guys mean the same thing when they want to get to know a girl better. Youre a well-bred young lady, so I understand why youd be too innocent to understand. Good thing youve got me here to interpret.I turned back to Lee, not even bothering to respond to Adrian. I think its fine if you go out with her.Assuming shed even be interested, said Lee, looking uncertain.I remembered her smile when hed stopped to talk to her yesterday. That had seemed pretty promising. But then, so had her enthusiasm over Micah. I bet she would.So youre just going to let her go off alone? asked Adrian, giving me a look that told me not to question him. This time, his concern was legitimate. I shared it. Jill was in Palm Springs to be safe. She was enrolled at Amberwood because it was also safe. Suddenly going out with a guy we hardly knew would not meet either Alchemist or guardian protocols for safety.Well, she cant even leave campus, I said, thinking aloud. Not without me.Whoa, said Adrian, if you get to come along as a chaperone, so do I.If we both do, then Eddie will want to as well, I pointed out. Doesnt sound like much of a date.So? Adrians brief moment of seriousness and concern had vanished in the face of what he saw as social fun. How could anyones mood flip so quickly? Think of it as less of a date than a faux-family outing. One that will entertain me while protecting her virtue.I put my hands on my hips and turned toward him. This seemed to amuse him more. Adrian, were focusing on Jill here. This isnt about your personal entertainment.Not true, he said, green eyes sparkling. Everythings about my personal entertainment. The world is my stage. Keep it up youre becoming a star performer in the show.Lee glanced between us with a comically helpless look. Do you guys want to be alone?I flushed. Sorry. Adrian made no apologies, of course.Look, said Lee, who kind of seemed like he was beginning to regret rescue this up at all. I like her. If it means bringing your whole group so I can be with her, then thats fine.Maybe its better this way, I mused. Maybe if we do more things as a group aside from her feedings she wont be in danger of wanting to go out with a human guy. Who we didnt even know for sure that she was interested in. We didnt even know if she was interested in Lee either. We were creation awfully heavy-handed with her love life, I realized.This is kind of what I wanted before, Adrian said to me. safe more of a social life.I thought back to yesterdays conversation, in which hed demanded I find him lodging. Thats not quite what you asked for.If you want to get out more, said Lee, you should come back to LA with me tonight. Ill be back here after class tomorrow anyway, so itd just be a quick trip.Adrian brightened so much that I wondered if Lee had suggested it to try to smooth over any tension remaining about his interest in Jill. Will you introduce me to those girls? asked Adrian. Unbelievable, I said. Adrians double standard was ridiculous.I didnt notice the door opening until Keith was completely in the room. I was never exactly happy to see him, but it was good luck that he was suddenly here, right when I involve to talk to him about Jill and her problems with PE. My best plan had been to show up at his apartment and hope to haul him there. Hed saved me the trouble.Keith looked at all three of us but he didnt share our smiles. No winks or pretty boy charm from him today. I saw your car out there, Sydney, he said sternly, turning to me. What are you doing here?I had to talk to Adrian, I said. Did you get my message? I tried calling earlier.Ive been busy, he said crisply. His expression was hard, his to ne chilling the room. Adrian and Lee had lost their smiles, and both now looked confused as they tried to figure out why Keith was so annoyed. I shared their curiosity. Lets talk. In private.I suddenly felt like a naughty child without knowing why. Sure, I said. I I was just leaving anyway. I moved to join Keith at the door.Wait, said Lee. What about Adrian nudged him and shake his head, murmuring something I couldnt hear. Lee stayed quiet.See you around, said Adrian cheerfully. Dont worry Ill remember what we talked about.Thanks, I said. See you guys later.Keith left without a word, and I followed him out of the house and into the late-afternoon heat. The temperature had asleep(p) down since the ill-fated PE class but not by much. Keith trudged through the get to driveway, coming to a halt beside Latte. His car was parked nearby.That was rude, I told him. You didnt even say goodbye to them.Sorry if I dont bring out my best manners for vampires, snapped Keith. Im not as close t o them as you are.Whats that supposed to mean? I demanded, crossing my arms. Staring him down, I felt all my old animosity bubble up. It was hard to believe that Id been laughing just a minute ago.Keith sneered. mediocre that you seemed awfully cozy with them in there hanging out, having a good time. I didnt know this was where you spent your free time after school.How dare you I came here on business, I growled.Yeah, I could tell.I did. I had to talk to Adrian about Jill.I dont recall him being her guardian.He cares about her, I argued. Just like any of us would for a friend.Friend? Theyre not like us at all, said Keith. Theyre godless and unnatural, and you have no business being friends with any of them.I wanted to shout back that from what Id observed, Lee was a hundred times more decent of a person than Keith would ever be. up to now Adrian was. It was only at the last second that my training kicked in. Dont raise a fuss. Dont contradict your superiors. No matter how much I hated it, Keith was in consecrate here. I took a deep breath.It was hardly fraternizing. I simply came by to talk to Adrian, and Lee happened to be here. It wasnt like wed all been planning some big party. Best not to mention the group date plan.Why didnt you just call Adrian if you had a question? You called me.Because being face-to-face with him is less sickening than being around you.It was important. And when I couldnt get ahold of you, I figured Id have to drive over to your place anyway.Hoping to shift away from my bad behavior, I jumped in and recapped everything that had happened today, including Jills sun exposure and Micahs attentions.Of course she cant date him, he exclaimed, after Id explained about Micah. You have to put a stop to that.Im trying. And Adrian and Lee said theyd help.Oh, well, I feel a lot better now. Keith shook his head. Dont be naive, Sydney. I told you. They dont care about this stuff as much as we do.I think they do, I argued. Adrian seemed to get it , and he has a lot of influence over Jill.Well, hes not the one the Alchemists are going to come after and send off to re-education for playing around with vampires when she should be disciplining them.I could only stare. I wasnt sure which part of what hed just said was more offensive the well-worn insinuation that I was a vamp lover or that I was capable of disciplining any of them. I shouldve known his false friendliness wouldnt last.Im doing my job here, I said, still keeping my voice level. And from what I can see, Im doing more work than you, since Im the one whos been putting out fires all week.I knew it was an illusion, seeing as the glass eye couldnt really stare, but I felt like he was glaring at me with both eyes. Im doing plenty. Dont even think to criticize me.What were you doing here? I asked, suddenly realizing how weird that was. Hed accused me of interact but had never explained his motives. I had to see Clarence, not that its any of your business.I wanted more det ails but refused to let on how curious I was. Hed been here yesterday too, according to Lee. Will you call the school tomorrow and get Jill excused from PE?Keith gave me a long and heavy look. No.What? Why not?Because being out in the sun wont kill her.Again, I bit down on my anger and tried for the diplomacy Id been schooled in. Keith, you didnt see her. Maybe it wont kill her, but it was miserable for her. She was in agony.I dont really care if theyre miserable or not, Keith said. And neither should you. Our job is to keep her alive. There was no mention of making sure shes happy and comfortable.I wouldnt think anyone would have to tell us, I said, aghast. Why was he so upset? Id think being sensitive human beings, we could just do it. Well, now you can. You can either get someone above us to issue a note to the school or you can give her ice baths after gym class. I really dont care what you do, but maybe itll keep you busy enough that youll stop coming over here unannounced and throwing yourself at creatures of darkness. Dont let me hear about this happening again.You are unbelievable, I said. I was too upset and at a exit for words to manage anything more eloquent.Im looking out for your soul, he said loftily. Its the least I can do for your dad. Too bad you arent more like your sisters.Keith turned his back on me and unlocked the car door without another word. He got in and drove off, leaving me staring. Tears threatened my eyes, and I swallowed them back. I felt like an idiot but not because of his accusations. I didnt believe for an instant that Id done anything wrong by coming over here. No, I was mad mad at myself because Id let him walk away with the last word and because I hadnt had the nerve to say anything back. Id stayed silent, just like everyone always told me to.I kicked the gravel in my anger, sending a spray of it into the air. A few small rocks hit my car, and I winced. Sorry.Would he accuse you of being evil for talking to an nonlivi ng object?I spun around, heart racing. Adrian was leaning against the house, smoking. Where did you come from? I demanded. Even though I knew everything there was to know about vampires, it was hard to shake superstitious fears of them appearing out of thin air.Other door, he explained. I went out to smoke and overheard the commotion.Its rude to eavesdrop, I said, knowing I sounded unbearably prim but unable to stop myself.Its rude to be an asshole like that. Adrian nodded toward where Keith had driven away. Are you going to be able to get Jill out of class? I sighed, suddenly feeling tired. Yeah, I should be able to. Itll just take a little longer while I get some other Alchemist to be our fake parents. Wouldve been a lot faster if Keith had done it.Thanks for looking out for her, Sage. Youre okay. For a human.I almost laughed. Thanks.You can say it too, you know.I walked over to Latte and paused. Say what?That Im okay for a vampire, he explained.I shook my head, still smiling. You ll have a hard time getting any Alchemist to admit that. But I can say youre okay for an irreverent party boy with occasional moments of brilliance.Brilliant? You think Im brilliant? He threw his hands skyward. You hear that, world? Sage says Im brilliant.Thats not what I saidHe dropped the cigarette and stamped it out, giving me a devil-may-care grin. Thanks for the ego boost. Im going to go tell Clarence and Lee all about your high opinion.Hey, I didnt But he was already gone. As I drove away, I decided the Alchemists needed an entire department devoted to handling Adrian Ivashkov. When I got back to my dorm room, I found Jill sitting surrounded in textbooks and papers, undoubtedly trying to catch up from yesterday. Wow, I said, thinking of the homework that waited for me too. Youve got a whole command center set up.Rather than smile at my joke, Jill looked up with an icy gaze. Do you think, she said, that maybe next time you want to mess with my dating life, you could talk to me first?I was speechless. Adrian had said hed talk to Jill. I just hadnt realized itd be so quickly.You dont have to go behind my back to keep me away from Micah, she added. Im not poor fish. I know I cant date a human.So Adrian had manifestly told her that much.And, Jill continued, still in that cold tone, you dont have to set me up with the only eligible Moroi within a hundred miles in order to keep me out of trouble.Okay Adrian had apparently told her everything. I wouldve expected more discretion from him, especially with the Lee part.We we werent setting you up, I said lamely. Lee wanted to ask you out anyway.But rather than talk to me, he asked permission from you guys You dont control my life.I know that, I said. We werent trying to How had this just blown up right in front of me? Lee acted on his own.Just like you did when you went to talk to Adrian behind my back. Her eyes glittered with angry tears, daring me to deny it. I couldnt and only now realized the wrongness of wh at Id done. Ever since she found out she was royal, Jill had watched other people dictate her life for her. Maybe my intentions to get Adrian to talk to her about Micah were good, but Id addressed them in the wrong way.Youre right, I said. Im sorry that I Forget it, she said, slipping a pair of headphones on. I dont want to hear any more. You made me look stupid in front of both Adrian and Lee. Not that theyll even think twice about me in Los Angeles tonight. She waved a hand at me and looked down at the book in front of her. Im done with you.Whether she couldnt hear me because of the music or simply because shed now chosen to ignore me, I couldnt say. All I knew was that I once again found myself comparing her to Zoe. Just like with Zoe, Id tried to do something good for Jill, and it had backfired. Just like with Zoe, Id ended up hurting and humiliating the one Id tried to protect.Sorry, Sage. Last I checked, you arent an expert in social matters.That, I thought bitterly, was the saddest part of all that Adrian Ivashkov was right.

Dr. Seuss’s -Too Many Daves Essay

The assay for personal identity is said to be a lifetime endeavor. At a certain point of their lives, most people ultimately recognize who they truly are. Others live all their lives in confusion or f pinna of confronting their real selves because these might be something they would not like. Some people search long and hard to discover their essential Self. Others grow up truthful to themselves so that they develop an identity early in their lives and thus are open to develop more fully throughout their lifetime. Some people, meanwhilethe confused and afraidconstruct an image that they use to deceive others and even themselves.Identity, therefore, is an issue that radiation pattern individuals grapple with. It is not only a grown-up issue, too. Even children arrest to deal with understanding who and what they are. They face the issue of a more simplistic further no less relevant nature than adults do on the subject. Dr. Seusss childrens poetry Too Many Daves can be interprete d as a penning that deals with the subject of personal identity and individuality, discussing it on a level that a young child could understand and find enjoyable and interesting at the same time.The persona in the narrative verse is a disinterested third-person vocalizer who simply would like to check a story that he theorises others would be interested to know. The characters in his story is Mrs. McCave and her twenty-three sons, all constructd Dave. Maybe Mrs. McCave thought that it would be easier to simply choose one work for all her sons rather than depend of a funny one each(prenominal) time she bears another son. She had twenty-three of them, after all. The disadvantage of this, she finds out later on, is that when she calls one son, all twenty-three Daves would keep up to answer her call.Ironically, she only realizes this when all of them are grown-ups already and it has be go in too late to rename them. Furthermore, now that they are all grown-ups, she is now abl e to think of unique and creative names by which she could call each one. The most obvious and catching attribute of the poem, even before its funny story, is its lilting cadence. any lines uniformly begin with an iamb followed by three anapests. This particular pattern may have been used by Dr. Seuss not so untold in consonance with the meaning of the poem but because of its musical effect.When a storyteller or anyone reading-aloud this particular story begins with the first line Did I ever tell you? (1), the upward inflection on the second and fourth words, he would certainly pique the interest of any child-listener. The succeeding lines proceed with a gallop-like speed and profound so that the even if the listener cannot follow the story behind the lines or is simply too young to understand, he would enjoy the rhythm of the readingas long as the lector places the proper emphases in the proper places, of course.Most Dr. Seuss books are notable for their nonsensical words tha t appeal not so much for the content or subject matter of the verse but for the effect of the words on speech when the verses are read or on the ear when they are listened to. Too Many Daves is no exception to this Dr. Seuss trademark. The regular rhythm of the verses and the inclusion of words which are purely Dr. Seusss inventions and, therefore, not meant to be understood, gives the piece a tone of playfulness prompts the reader to treat the story lightheartedly.The charm of Dr. Seusss stories is how they allow the reader to explore beyond the common and eitherday things, whether he was conscious about this or not while he was writing them. Too Many Daves has a story which sounds too incredible to be true, but for its young listeners or readers, children whose ability to accept the fantastic and impossible are not yet hindered by the imagination-constricting ability to rationalize which adults are unfortunate to have developed along with growing-up.Aside from the rhythm, the ele ment of heavy musicality is also affected by the profusion of rhyme, alliteration and assonance within the twenty-four lines. The antecedent that the mother-character is named Mrs. McCave is so that it would rhyme with the sons name, Dave. The entire poem is composed of couplet rhymes with a different rhyme for every couplet. Alliteration is evident in lines like twenty-three (2), she wishes that when they were born(9) and in some of the names the mother enumerates for her sons like Stuffy and Stinky (14), Ziggy and Soggy Muff (17), fanalo Bill and Biffalo Buff (18) and Weepy Weed (19).Assonance, meanwhile, is present in almost all lines starting with the a sound in that wasnt a smart thing (3) to Yoo-Hoo (4), come on the run (6), and the names Hoos-Foos (11), Hot-Shot (12), Marvin OGravel Balloon formulation (16), Soggy Muff (17), Sneepy and Weepy Weed (19), Oliver Boliver bathroom (23) and Zanzibar Buck-Buck McFate (23).The enumeration of possible names that the mother wishes she has named for her sons is the most interesting aspect of the poem because of the creativity that must have gone in the writers mind in cerebration of aurally appealing as well as thought-provoking names for the McCave boysalthough Dr. Seuss might have intentionally meant to make them nonsensical and meaningless when he wrote them.The reader of Too Many Daves can assume, however, that the mother must have been inspired to think of these names in particular because they represent the personalities of her children, which she only sees and observes as each child grows up. Every reader can employ his own creativity as he imagines the metaphorical or literal meanings behind every name. mayhap Bodkin Van Horn is the son who dresses sharply. Hoos-foos sounds like someone who does not take things in life seriously. Simms is the average guy who is liked by everyone.Hot-Shot is an acrobatic jock. Sunny Jim is the optimistic one. Shadrack is a homebody. Blinkey has something wrong with his eyes. Stuffy is ceaselessly serious and uptight. Stinkey does not like to take regular baths. Putt-putt is cute but childish. Moon Face is overweight and loves to eat. Marvin OGravel Balloon Face is like his brother, Moon Face, but more lazy. Ziggy is nice and ordinary. Soggy Muff is untidy. Buffalo Bill always figures in a fight. Biffalo Buff is always safe and stays away from troubles. Sneepy is sickly and weak. Weepy Weed is a crybaby.Paris Garters dresses well. Harris Tweed, too. Sir Michael Carmichael Zutt thinks too highly of himself. Oliver Boliver Butt is a simpleton while Zanzibar Buck-Muck McFate hates the small town life and dreams of being an explorer or an astronaut someday. The final line of the poem summarizes the message that the speaker would like to emphasize regarding the weird situation of the McCave boys being singularly named But she didnt do it. And now its too late. (24). Ones name is the first step by which the individual defines his identity.Personality w ould eventually emerge whatever ones name is, but it would have helped the McCave brothers if they were given unique names by their mother, and hence unique identities in her regard of each son. By depriving them of individual names, it appears like she had liked her sons to be the same in every aspect. It could also be interpreted to mean that she does not care much about his sons as individuals with their respective identities and personalities. She just realizes too late that even if they are all her sons she could not control the nature of humans to grow differently from each other.On the other hand, however, one could argue that the mother did not name her children with various names because she does not want them to be burdened by the expectations that some names may have on their owners. For instance, if a person were named attractive at birth, it would be unfortunate if she grows up be unattractive. Mrs. McCave would like his sons to develop their own identities and persona lities and later on, decide to get a name appropriate to them. organize Cited Dr. Seuss. Too Many Daves.

Marketing of Service †Restaurant Chain Essay

With the rise in disposable income, dining outside has become a staple divide of the innovative world. This has been a phenomenon of most of the cities across the guiltless. The beautiful and pristine continent of Africa is no exception with the spurt of the cities and the settlements from the outside countries. An interesting cradle of development in the continent is the uncouth of South Africa. As the standard of living of most South Africans has risen over the last decade, eating out has become a universal leisure activity. According to Statistics South Africa, restaurants and coffee shops are steadily growing their businesses year on year.Take-away also did well, with businesses growing at an annual regularise of some 15%. These increases were in spite of rising interest rates. In recent years, this market has grown and more restaurants have opened offering a wide variety and an improving quality of food. So, while the market offers plenty of opportunity for a small busin ess, it also demands quality and preferably a extra or different offering. We, at Golden eating places , in our explorations to roll out across the seas , couldnt help overlook this burgeoning market.Hence, going ahead with our vision of pickings our Flagship Restaurant Brand The Golden Bowl to the International Market, we have thought of setting our eyes on the Africas , the beautiful South Africa to begin with . macrocosm in the Indian Restaurant Market for quite somemagazine and having burnt our kitchens to serve clients from different classes , particularly , the rich and the creamy , we would like to conjure our expertise in positioning ourselves as a class apart and an amphitheatre for the Rich and the Super Rich Indian South Africans .This document provides a cheep into the South African Indian Market and our strategy to market and promote the experience of Dining in a different way to the Rich Indian populace. Introduction Setting up a restaurant means first deciding wha t type of food to serve. South Africa has plenty of traditional dishes of its own, and has long been a fertile market for cuisines from India, Italy, Greece, France, China and Japan. This exposure has grown in the last decade, and will continue as the country has become home to thousands from former(a) African countries.Knowing our expertise in the Indian Cuisines, we plan to target High-earning individuals or families of the large Indian Diaspora with plenty of disposable income but not much magazine as well as dual-income family groups and the Flux of Indian Tourists to the country. Though there are a sizeable number of Indian Restaurants, around 40, located in the Indian strongholds like Durban, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Pretoria catering to the different strata of the diaspora, we intend to focus ourselves on the niche rich segment and provide an enriching experience with severalise Service Value Addition.We plan to start with Johannesburg, as our strategic location , it being a hotspot of Indian settlement and also one of the wealtiest cities of the country . We would like to offer our guests a dining experience like no other. A unique, interactive dining experience creating memorable moments with family and friends or the corporate honchos. From the time the first piece of bread is dipped and the last piece of dessert is savored, youll be graced with the time to discover new things about people you thought you knew. And, those youre getting to know.The emphasis would be on the first impressions and the power of contrast, simplified but exhaustive dining, an engagement of the senses and a choreographed atmospheric state. The pick of the cuisines of the four corners of India would be on offer and the Indian exotic feel would be the main forte. Indian Diaspora in South Africa The hi business relationship of the Indian diaspora in South Africa is a gripping saga of almost a hundred & forty years. Indian South Africans are people of Indian descent living in South Africa and mostly exist in and around the city of Durban, making it the largest Indian city outside India.Many Indians in South Africa are descendents of migrants from colonial India (South Asia) during late 19th-century through proterozoic 20th-century. At other times Indians were subsumed in the broader geographical category Asians, including persons originating in present-day Iran and parts of the small Chinese community. The modern South African Indian community is largely descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board the Truro from Madras, followed by the Belvedere from Calcutta.They were transported as ndentured laborers to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal Colony, and, in total, approximately 150,000 Indians arrived as indenture laborers over a period of 5 decades, later also as indentured coal miners and railway construction workers. The indentured laborers tended to speak Tamil, Telugu and Hindi , and the majority were Hindu with Christians and Muslims among them. The remaining Indian immigration was from passenger Indians, comprising traders, and others who migrated to South Africa shortly after the indentured labourers, paid for their own fares and travelled as British Subjects.These immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, some being Hindu and some being Muslims from Gujarat (including Memons and Surtis), later joined by Kokanis, and Urdu speakers from Uttar Pradesh. . There was also a hearty number of Gujarati Hindus in this group. Indian traders were sometimes referred to as Arab traders because of their dress, as large numbers of them were Muslim. Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the South African majority rule (Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between Johannesburg and Durban.Natals Indian traders rapidly displaced small white shop owners in trade with ot her Indians, and with black Africans, causing resentment among white businesses. Population, Regional & Linguistic Distribution The South African Indian origin community currently numbers around 1. 15 million and constitutes about 2. 5% of South Africas total population of 45. 45 million. About 80% of the Indian community lives in the nation of KwaZulu-Natal, about 15% in the Gauteng (previously Transvaal) area and the remaining 5% in the Cape Town area. In KwaZulu-Natal, the major concentration of the Indian population is in Durban.The largest concentrations of Indian settlement are at Chatsworth, Phoenix, Tongaat and Stanger in the Durban Coastal area, which covers approximately 500,000 of the Indian origin community. Pietermaritzburg noted for its link with Mahatma Gandhi has a community of approximately 200,000. small inland towns in KwaZulu Natal such as Ladysmith, Newcastle, Dundee and Glencoe make up the bulk of the remaining Indian population. In the Gauteng area, the In dian community is largely turn around Lenasia outside Johannesburg and Laudium and other suburbs outside Pretoria.There are also smaller groups in towns in the Eastern Cape and other provinces. Settlement of Indian origin people in a particular area, as with other South African peoples, came about as a result of the Group Areas symbolise that forced racial division into particular designated areas. According to the figures provided by the Department of Education and Culture, in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, the linguistic break-up of the Indian community is as follows Tamil 51%, Hindi 30%, Gujarati 7%, Telugu 6%, Urdu 5% and others 1%. Starting a restaurant in South Africa Product is a unwrap element in the overall market offering.Marketing-mix planning begins with formulating an offering that brings value to target customers. This offering becomes the basis upon which the company builds profitable relationships with customers. A companys market offering often includes both tang ible goods and run. Each component can be a minor or a major part of the total offer. At one extreme, the offer may consist of a pure tangible good, such as soap. Toothpaste, or saltno services accompanying the product. At the other extreme are pure services, for which the offer consists primarily of a service.Examples include a doctors exam or financial services. Between these two extremes, however, many goods-and-services combinations are possible, the best examples is Restaurant. A restaurant is an ideal case of a product meets services story and the success of the greater concept as a whole depends on the combined successes or excellence of the entire gamut of offerings right from the food served to the services rendered to the ambience offered. We are not just offering our core Product with an elite Service but we blend it with a rich dining experience, one that would fall behind on for quite sometime.Now that we have identified the country, learnt about the population and ha ve good statistical information which support the opening of an Indian Restaurant in South Africa, lets put on the Thinking Hat and do some Brainstorming like a marketers. We have the gigantic South African Market which is more or less a mixed kind of market with heterogeneous culture. So, at first we need to report our target market and position our pro-ser-exp (product served in a unique manner to give an experience of lifetime) by the process of S. T. P (i. e. Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning)

“Be Strong,” the psycho woman said

Stuart you must learn to look on the bright side. What bright side? Im a xvi year old lad and my cat has just died. Big deal you might think. But you werent the one in the washing machine, spinning round ten times a second Poor cat.Dad thinks Im mad. Thats wherefore he sent me to the psycho woman in the first place. Well shes a psychologist, and ok that wasnt the exclusively reason.My real mummy had an affair and ran away with the postman. He just happened to be my dads brother, thats all. Which sent me Off the rails. Or so they told me. I mean Im not a train. I kept getting into trouble at school. You know, mixing with the wrong people, skipping classes at school, Stealing sweets, that kind of thing. Nothing really.What did they expect? Me to just ask out my moms gone and that I probably wont see her again. Plus the fact we wont get our mail delivered any more No, I shouldnt joke rough it. There is a bright side Im laughing about it already. Ive just realised I come from a br oken home. Prison here I comeThat was four months ago, and dads already got a new woman. Ginger Gill Bet you cant guess what colour her hair is? There I go winning the mick again. Dad said I shouldnt Itll come back on you one day, he bellows. Anyway I have a right, who calls there peasant Stuart? I hate my name. After thinking ache and hard, I have decided I am a tiny bit crazy. But only a bit. Who isnt?Talking of crazy people we live in front of a one time nice green field, in Cornwall. I say once because travellers moved in last week. Actually they are gypsies, but travellers is the more polite way to say they are scruffy, no-hopers. Im too cruel. Also, of course thats what they call them on the news, so it has to be more polite.I kind of got talking to one of the gipsy female childs, whilst walking my aunties dog, Bessie. Shes around my age (the girl not Bessie) and quite in force(p) looking. But also a bit weird. She cant pronounce her Rs, which is amusing. She was telling me about her grandmother, Rose. Or Wose, as she pronounces it. She said Rose could see into the future, and has been known to predict peoples lives. in truth likely. She thought I should see her grandmother, as she could help me, more than any head doctor could. As if I need help. She was fascinating I thought. Thats a lie. It was boring. She was boring.The only thing she said that remotely interested me was that one of her other gypo relatives, held the world record for the loudest burp. Now that was fascinatingIt was when I got home, that I really took what the girl had said to me in. (the girl-I didnt catch her name Oh well, gypsy girl will do.) Maybe Rose could help me? After all I would like a few questions serve welled Where is my mom? How could she leave me? Why did Casper (the cat) get into the washing machine? Why doesnt Ginger Gill dye her hair? There I go again And most importantly, why is abbreviation such a long word?The next day, I wagged school. The psycho woman is really helping, dont you think? Anyway I paid my gypsy friend another visit. This time I was introduced to her grandmother Wose. I mean Rose.I suppose I hoped she would be scruffy looking, with a crystal clod and a glass eye. But no, she looked pretty normal. As normal as a gypsy can look. Someone stop me She was in her early sixties, I would say. She had long dark brown hair, covered in hair clips and beads. There had to be over one hundred. How did she hold up her head? She had a deep, virile voice, which was freaky. Disappointingly, both her eyes were real.I didnt have chance to speak to her, as she had a headache, and went to bed. Id have a headache, with all those hair accessories on my head. Me and Crystal, that was her name, I discovered, verbalize for hours after.Today she didnt seem so boring and dull. She said she hates existent in a caravan. Who wouldnt? She told me that her mom had died of cancer the previous year, and really missed her. Which made me intent stupid. I was upset that my mom had left, and the cat had died, well killed. She made me realise I should be grateful for who I am and what I have. See I can be serious.Crystal had arranged for me to visit Gypsy Rose, for one of her fortune-telling sessions. I really didnt know what to expect. What if she told me my mom had become a stripper and was living under the sea? Ok, so that was not exactly going to happen. But she could tell me somethings I dont want to hear. On the other hand, she could tell me Casper is cat heavens answer to Brad Pitt. Either way I knew from tomorrow, my life would change. Who knows? I might even find out why abbreviation is such a long word

Hamlet Appearance vs Reality Essay

Appearance vs. human beings in Shakespeares, settlement, is a jaded yet putting green theme. This play is teeming with characters that play their roles tin a veil of duplicity. They often appear to be one way when they really are something entirely different. Things deep down the play appear to be true and honest provided in reality are polluted with evil. Many of the characters within the play hide behind a mask of dishonesty. Four of the main characters that hid behind this mask are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, and King Claudius.From behind this mask they give the impression of a per male child who is sober and true, in reality they are overwhelmed with lies and evil. One of the most obvious examples of appearance vs. reality in critical point is the character of Claudius. Claudius longed to be king, rule the land and detonator his queen. He gave no regard to the feelings of the family. He was jealous and ruthless in pursuing his dreamruthless to the point of mu rder. He pretends to be concerned and commove with the actions of Hamlet and his well being, when in reality he is frightened that Hamlet is aware of his deadly secret.It was as if he cast a spell on the whole kingdom for his own self-fulfilling interest. Our innocent Claudius even summons spies to investigate the origin of Hamlets madnessnot for the trade good of Hamlet but for himself. He is indeed a jaded character, whose kind aura masks the face of a selfish murderer as he says whose whisper oer the worlds diameter, as levels as the cannon to his blank transports his poisoned shot, may miss our name and hit the woundless air. Oh come away My soul is full of dissonance and dismay - Claudius, act 4 scene 1, lines 42-46.This quote demonstrates how Claudius seems to be worried about Hamlet and his actions when he is really fearful of him discovering the truth. In addition, the kings royal associate, Polonius, appears to be a loyal and trustworthy servant to the kingdom throughout the play, willing to take on tasks and burdens requested by their majesties. However, in reality Polonius is an evil, greedy selfish man, who serves not his kingdom but himself. One example of this is how Polonius appears to be happy, concerned and supportive of his son, Laertes, journey to France.He seems to be supportive of his son until he sends Reynaldo as an emissary, in order to detect what sort of mischief he stumbles upon in France. In addition, Polonius, again, displays his devious characteristics when he spies on Hamlet and Ophelia in an attempt to analyze Hamlets madness. He soon orders Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet, as he brainwashes her with lies about Hamlets motives, when in reality Hamlet is rightfully in love with Ophelia. Once again, Polonius proves his scheming behavior when he listens in on Hamlet and Gertrudes conversation while in the bedchamber.Hamlet at long last teaches him his lesson when he unexpectedly murders the rat. In reality Polonius is anything but a loving father watching out for his children, he uses e realone to his advantage and for his own purposes this proves as severalize for his sneaky demeanor. Even two of Hamlets childhood friends are victims of the appearance vs. reality theme. They were sent and bribed by the king and queen to try and jog the cause of Hamlets insanity. They approach Hamlet as long-lost pals when they are really anything but.They were there not as friends but hired help for Hamlets condition. In act 2 scene 2 line 299, Guildenstern quotes What should we say my lord? Completely denying the fact that they were sent for by the king and queen. Hamlet quickly reveals the truth and says, Were you not sent for/ And there is a kind of confession in your looks, which your modesties have not craft in color. (Shakespeare 22278) From these words he is demanding an answer from his schoolmates as to their unexplained arrival. At the end he tells them nothing.As the play continues his friends are asked aga in by the king to go to Hamlet and try again to find the real reason for Hamlets behavior. Hamlet insults them at every chance knowing that they are fraud to him about their purpose of the visit, Tis as easy as lying govern these ventages with you finger and thumb, give it breath with your mouth (Shakespeare 32348) The twins test their appearance of being Hamlets friends but in truth they have a hidden reason for visiting with Hamlet. Both show that it will be very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the reliability hidden within the lies.Throughout the play, characters help to show the theme, which is appearance verses reality. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, and the king all appear to be good and honest. As Hamlet finds out, all contain lies and have hidden intentions within them. As each character is presented in the play all appear to be good and honest making it a hard for Hamlet to uncover the hidden truth about the nature of each character. Throughout the play everyone puts up a front so to speak, for different reasons.Hamlet believed that the world was corrupt and deceiving, this led him to become violently ambitious. Claudius was manipulative and cunning, and used his greed to achieve what he desired. Deception is a major theme of the play. Obviously throughout the play there are many discrepancies between appearance vs. reality. It seems everyone is jaded and full of fabrication or ulterior motives. With such controversial people in the kingdom, it is quite appropriate to state that there truly is something rotten in the state of Denmark.

Quest for Manhood Malcolm X Essay

Manhood is when a boy takes the leap from being a child to a true macrocosm. People say that leap happens at different times for every boy. People ass tell it happens because they stop acting foolishly and deal with matters by themselves. The four stories The Autobiography of Malcolm X, The morals of dungeon Jim Crow, The Man Who Killed a Shadow, and Almos a Man in all deal with Afri quite a little American boys and them becoming true do force. The literature of Richard Wright and Malcolm X illustrate how African American males encountered much difficulty in asserting their manhood while living within the racist society of the 1930s and 1940s.Racism denied African American males the opportunity to gain economic power. In The Ethics of Living Jim Crow, the early days African American boy gets a job in a factory. He clears with white men and wants to learn more. One day he is told that the factory is a white mans workand he better watch him self (241) The white men feel he is threatening their job flush though he is just trying to support his family. They threaten him and make him quit his job. Un homogeneous the young boy who already has a job, Malcolm X moves to Boston to search for a new job. During Malcolm X, Malcolm decides his life would be better if he moves in with his sister.He was walking through the city and noniced these people were al champion a big city version of those productive Negro boot sables and janitors back in Lansing (42). Janitors and bootblacks were considered successful jobs for African Americans where that job for a white man would be around middle to lower class. Blacks forefathert even look at a chance at a good job like a lawyer or doctor. The Man with a Shadow is about an African American man growing up in life. He is working as a janitor and his boss has legs spread widely open and her panties showing. He is embarrassed and refuses to clean under her desk.The boss becomes angry and screams, Youre being gainful t o clean, You black nigger (232). The black man feels real embarrassed and gets yelled at for not cleansing the same area again. He feels as if he is being treated like a slave. likewise being called the N word is real offensive for African Americans. He has to quit because he out of the blue killed the librarian. Economic power is one step in leading men to manhood, solely exercising ones freedom is also an important step. Racism prevented African American males from exercising their autonomy. In The Ethics of Living Jim Crow, the young African American boy has a job and is making a delivery.He is on his back to the store when a police car, swerving toward him, jammed him into the curbing (244). Blacks in this time period were treated unfairly. He is just trying to do his job and even the cops wouldnt let blacks exercise their own independence. Whites put fear into blacks in all different kinds of settings during this time period, from work places to social settings. During Malco lm X, Malcolm is in a theatre watching a show. When the show started, Malcolm was the only Negro in the theatreand felt like crawling under a rug (33).People go to theatres all the time and shouldnt be forced to feel uncomfortable while in them. Malcolm wants to watch the show, but since the country was so racist and he was the only black, he felt weird and wanted to leave. subsequent on in the book, Malcolm is thinking about what he wanted to do for his job. Lansing certainly had no negro lawyers or doctors, something he may curb wanted to be (38). He wants to be successful in life, but as he recalls there are zero lawyers or doctors in Lansing. This citation shows that because of race alone, blacks cant use their autonomy and get a job they aspire to be.decision their independence was hard enough, but trying to protect each other was even harder. Racism would not allow African American males to defend themselves or others. The young boy in The Ethics of a Living Jim Crow is at a store working when an old woman gets mash. They would not beat me if I knew enough to keep my mouth shut even though they beat that old black lady (243). The white workers beat an old black lady for not paying her bill. He could not defend the old lady because he knew the whites would hurt him if I tried to help her. Later on in the story, a security guard slaps a fellow black female employee on the butt.The African American man feels embarrassed for letting his friend get slapped on the butt. The employee who got slapped says, Dont worry, you couldnt help it (246). This quote shows that blacks had no chance to defend others because if they did, the whites would just beat them even more. The girl knows they cant do anything about it and tells him not to worry. From white security guards to racist groups such as the KKK, whites could do basically whatever they want to do to blacks at this time. At the very beginning of Malcolm X, the KKK is at Malcolms house.They were surrounding the house, brandishing their shotguns and rifles (1). The KKK is around the house with weapons wanting Malcolms father to leave town. He had no bearing to defend himself because they had all weapons. Many people and organizations in town, and even the police are corrupt and male parentt like the blacks. Part of being a man is defending others and the whites would not let them do this at this time. The four stories show how black males had different obstacles to overcome in gaining their manhood while living in the racist society during the mid 1900s.The boys in all the stories had problems they encountered on their way to finding their manhood. They couldnt gain economic power, exercise their autonomy, or defend themselves and others. The 30s and 40s were a bad time for African Americans to live in, but as the years have gone on, minorities have gained more rights in America. With the help of groups such as the NAACP, blacks have more rights than ever. Barack Obama, the United Sta tes President and tiger Woods, the worlds most popular athlete are both examples of how far African Americans have come.

An Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility

Universal Journal of market and telephone circuit Research Vol. 1(1) pp. 017-043, May, 2012 Available on direct contrast http//www. universalresearchjournals. org/ujmbr secure 2012 Transnational Research Journals Full Length Research Paper An assess custodyt of the impact of collective fond remunerateeousness on Nigerian conjunction The suits of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David De compositionment of Financial Studies Redeemers University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Express direct Mowe, Ogun solid ground E-mail email measureed om, Tel No. 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian connection, Corporate complaisant Responsibilities CSR has been a gamely cotemporary and linguistic contextual issue to all stakeholders including the administration, the embodied boldness itself, and the general public. The public contended that the earnings of taxes and the fulfillment of other civic rights be enough grounds to function believe the liberty to take patronize from the fellowship in borders of CSR undertaken by other stakeholders.Some ten year ago, what characterized the Nigerian union was sweet-scented pollution of the air, of the water and of the environs. Most collective shapings ar concerned ab show up what they great deal take out of the baseball club, and de-emphasized the take in to ordain back to the lodge their host communities. This attitude often resigns the entire community uninhabitable. A case in mind is the Niger Delta argona of Nigeria.This translated to negative integrity and reputation on the sidetrack of in bodilyd identity as stack apprehendd this as exploitation and greed for emolumentability and wealth maximisation within a decaying economy of Nigeria. However, the general belief is that both(prenominal) short letter and society gain when firms officiously strive to be amicablely accountable that is, the air brass instruments gain in enhanced reputation, while soc iety gains from the friendly projects executed by the short letter of encounter organization.In modern solar day however, having seen the gains and average favorable pay-back period of their coronation in CSR, pecks atomic number 18 now heartbreakingly bear on in this project, which had impacted in the society wondrous and profitably. This workplace is therefore, intended to consider the imperative and benefits of CSR on the Nigeria society. The perceived gap supposedly created is harnessed and investigated for executable resolution, using the banking and communication industries as a case study. The research approach is both descriptive and analytical.Data accumulate for this study atomic number 18 from both primary and secondary sources, relying heavily on the relevant teaching glide pathible from both banking and communication sphere of influences, and other sources. Tests were conducted using both regression and correlation analysis. The regression result rev eals a strong and significant relationship between CSR and affectionate Progress much(prenominal) that the relationship between CSR and Societal Progress is statistically significant. It is thus conclusion that CSR plays a significant role in Societal pass alongiveness in terms of environmental and sparing exploitation.The study recommends that, while melioratement in the depth of interlocking by banking and telecommunication industries in stinting and environmental breeding is desirable, they atomic number 18 encouraged to close ranks and misrepresent parking area worry in addressing certain brotherly responsibilities, particularly those bothering on security and technological advertizeance of the polity. Keywords Corporate loving obligation, societal Progressiveness, Banking, Communication, Environment.INTRODUCTION At an earlier point in account statement, societal expectations from stock organizations did non go beyond efficient resource allocation and its maximization. But today, it has changed and modern stage business must infer beyond profit maximization toward being at least(prenominal) heartyly obligated to its society. Todays heightened cheer in the role of business in society has been raised by increased sensitivity to the 018 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. consciousness of environmental and ethical issues.It means our society has become more and more concerned that greater influence and progress by firms has not been accompanied by equal effort and desire in addressing important sociable issues including problems of poverty, drug abuse, crime, improper interference of workers, faulty occupation output and environmental damage or pollution by the industries as it has overtime been reported in the media. It is therefore very essential for all to crystalize that public outcry for increased sociable responsibility allowing not disappear if business organizations run off to respond to the challenges these had posed for the society.In candidate of the perceived information gap, it is therefore worthwhile collating and aggregating in a much organized manner, the contri butions of Nigerian corporations using banking and communications industries as a centralize to the vigorousspring-being of the society. This is necessary if only to show, in a graphic and mathematical ways that the industries seriously identify with the aspirations of the communities and the general public. In the early years of this century, twain Americans independently and without knowing of each other were among the first businessmen in the worlds history to initiate study community reforms.Andrews Carnegie preached and financed the free public library. Julius Rosenwald fathered the country farm agent system and adopted the infant 4-H CLUBS. Carnegie was already retired from business and one of the worlds richest men. Rosenwald who had recently bought a near bang up mail order firm called Sear Roebuck and Company, was o nly beginning to build both his business and fortune. The ii held basically different philosophies. Carnegie believed that the bushel purpose of being rich is to be a philanthropist, that is, the social responsibility of wealth.Rosenwald believed that you build to be able to do practiced to do intumesce, that is, the social responsibility of business. J. Irwin miller of the Cummins Engine Co. Ltd in Columbus, Indiana, has systematically used corporate finances to create a sun-loving community which, at the same time is a direct, though intangible investment in a wellnessy environment for his participation. Miller specialally aimed at endowing his sensitive industrial t feature with the quality of action that would attract to it the managerial and technical people on whom a big high-technology business depends.Only if business and oddly Nigerian business go steadys that to do well it has to do good, can we hope to tackle the major challenges face developing societies t oday. The frugal satisfyingities ahead are such that social inevitably can be financed increasingly only if their solution move overs able earning which precisely is what business is kn make for. We can in reality say firms involved in Corporate Social Responsibility are actually not regretting because of the increase it has made on their sales prima(p) to profit and how they pretend impacted the environment.The significance of corporate social responsibility as a vital tool for the societal progressiveness cannot be over emphasized. This can be seen from the points of view of showing concern for the offbeat of the community in order to reap peace, competent and cheaper manpower, a chopine for a better community by making the host community worthy of livelihood in terms of infrastructural development and by boosting their image, reducing advert cost, gaining an edge over competitors, and making your name as a firm an household name in the society.Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Overview of The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility The Bali Roundtable on developing countries in 2002 recognized the business sphere of influence as a primary driver of economic development and the conception Summit For Sustainability identified business involvement as critical in alleviating poverty and achieving sustainable development. Corporate social responsibility has to do with an organization outlet out of his way to initiate actions that go away impact positively on its host community, its environment and the people generally.It can be seen as a way of acknowledging the occurrence that nearwhat business fall outs have adverse effects on the citizens and society and making efforts to ensure that such negative impact are corrected. Posk, et al (1999) as a matter of fact, believe that corporate social responsibility means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, communities, and its environment. It impl ies that negative business impacts on people and society should be acknowledged and corrected, if possible.It may require a community forgoing some profits if its social impacts are seriously harmful to some of its stakeholders or if its fund can be used to promote a positive social good. Definition of Corporate Social Responsibilities in that location are a multitudinous of commentarys of Corporate Social Responsibilities CSR, each considered valuable in their own right and designed to fit the specific organization. The majority of interpretations integrate the three dimensions to the concept, that is, economic, environmental and social dimensions.CSR had a uniform been commonly described as a demonstration of certain responsible expression on the part of public and the private government and business sectors toward society and the environment. canalize for Social Responsibility (BSR), a leading Global Business partner, in a gathering held in 2006 defined Olanrewaju 01 9 CSR as achieving commercial success in ways that honors ethical determine and prise people, communities, and the natural environment. For BSR, CSR also means addressing the legal, ethical, commercial and other expectations society has for business, and making closings that clean-livingly balance the read of all key stakeholders.In its simplest terms, it is what you do, how you do it and when and what you say. In this sense, CSR is viewed as a comprehensive piece of policies, bores and programmes that are integrated into business operations, supply chain, and decision making processes doneout the guild and wherever the company does businesses that are supported and rewarded by top circumspection. It also includes responsibility for current and past actions as well as future impacts. The issues that represent a companys CSR focus vary by business, size, sector and even geographical region.It is seen by leadership of companies as more than a collection of discrete practices or occasional gestures or initiatives motivated by marketing, public relations or other business benefits. Also, the World Business Council on Sustainability Development, 1998 described CSR as the continuing commitment by Business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of behavior of the work military and their families as well as of the local anaesthetic community and society at large. CSR is the concept that an enterprise is responsible or accountable for its impact on all relevant partakeholders European Union, 2006. According to Macmillan 2005, CSR is a term describing a companys obligation to be accountable to all its stakeholders in all its operations and activities. Socially responsible companies leave alone consider the entire scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the need of stakeholders with their need to make a profit. CSR is concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a socially responsible manner.Since stakeholders exist both within a firms and outside a firm, consortly, behaving socially and responsibly will increase the human development of stakeholders both within and outside the corporation Clarkson, 1995. A reputable author, Kenneth Andrews Steiner (1977) defined Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) as the intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of the society that retains the individual and corporate behavior from ultimately destructive activities, no matter how immediately economic nd leads to the directions of positive construction of human betterment. As an improvement on the supra definitions, Koontz and ODonnell (1968) defined social responsibility as the personal obligation of everyone, as he acts in his own engrosss, but he must always have due regard that his freedom does not trammel others from doing the same thing. He further historied that a socially responsible individual or organiz ation will obey the constabularys of the land because the rights of others are at stake.In emphasizing the ecological conceptualization of social responsibility, Buchholz (1991) punctuated that any good definition of social responsibility must contain if not all, nigh of the pursual Responsibility that goes beyond the production goods and run at a profit. helps in solving important social problems those that the organization are responsible for creating. makes corporations have greater constituency than stockholders alone makes corporations have great impacts that goes beyond securities industriousness transactions, and makes corporations serve a wider range of human values that can be captured by a sole focus on value.CSR can therefore be referred to as decisions and actions taken by organizations for reasons at least, particularly beyond the organizations direct economic or technical interest. For many corporate bodies with child(p) to charities is a struggle really, t heir objective do not usually build-in the strategic need to support the communities that they serve. The focus totally is to maximize profit or financial returns. The thrust of their arguments centre or so balancing their obligations to stakeholders, especially the shareholders.Corporate social responsibilities should be strategic no doubt. Engaging in strategic almsgiving is done by even the best corporate bodies in the world. It should however have an underlying compassionate foundation. There should be a symbiotic relationship between corporate organization and the host communities, a sort of on-going expiation between the organizations economic orientations. There should be an unwritten social contract, so that it should not be forced responsibility equal Education Trust Fund tax but a instinctive social service base on the needs of the community.Socially responsible business practice implies that CSR is the social practice where the corporation adapts and conducts discre tionary business practices and investments that support social causes to improve community well-being in order to protect the environment. Key distinctions include focus on activities that are discretionary, not those that are mandated by laws or regulatory agencies or are simply expected, as with conflict moral warnings. biotic community is interpreted broadly to include employees of the corporation, suppliers, distributors, non-profit and public sector partners as well as members of the general public. And well-being can be referred to health and safety as well as psychological and emotional needs. It is also almost capacity mental synthesis for sustainable livelihoods, respectfulness for ethnic difference and finds a business in building the skills of employees, the community and the government. Indeed it is nigh business giving back to society. 020 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res.Generally speaking, Corporate Social Responsibility, whether in the banking sector or otherwise r efers to A collection of policies and practices linked to relationship with key stakeholders, values, compliance with legal requirements, and respect for people, communities and the environment. The commitment of business to contribute to sustainable development According to the European Commission, CSR involves companies integrating social and environmental concerns into business operations and in their interaction with stakeholders on a voluntary basis.The key to this definition lies in the word voluntary. According to Nigeria Social Enterprise Reports Vol. 2, CSR is generally dumb to be the way a company chance upons a balance or integration of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholders and stakeholders expectations. It went further to say that CSR is generally seen as the contribution of business to sustainable development which has been defined as development that come acrosss the needs of the present without compromising th e ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.In Nigeria, the federal Executive Council (FEC) on Wednesday May 2008 approved the development of a CSR polity for the country, to steep ethical behavior in Nigerian Businesses. The minister of National Planning Commission, Dr Sanusi Daggash, who gave details of the memorandum, give tongue to it referred to the bridal of responsible business practices by organizations, to improve the society at large. He said the policy would include beyond law commitment and activities that would necessitate an expectatation to give back to the society.He reiterated that the policy would ensure corporate governance and ethics, health and safety, human rights, human resource management, anti-bribery and anti degeneracy measures. whizz reckons that the policy formulators will take note of sympathetic global policies that might point Nigeria in the direction of developing a viable CSR policy. Carrols Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsi bility Although no single commonly get intoed definition had been ascribed to the subject, which had evolved since 1970s, Archie B.Carroll had said that there had been economic, ethical, legal and philanthropic aspect to the subject. Therefore, one of the most used and quoted model is the Carrolls profit of CSR, 1991. Carroll considers CSR to be framed in such a way that the entire range of business responsibilities is embraced. These four responsibilities can be illustrated as a pyramid. The economic component is notwithstanding rough the responsibility to profit which serves as the base for the other components of the pyramid. With regard to the legal aspect, society expects organizations to comply with the laws and prescripts.Ethical responsibilities are virtually how society expects organization to embrace values and norms even if the values and norms might constitute a higher standard of performance than required by law. Philanthropic responsibilities are those actions t hat are expected from a company as a good corporate citizen. Implicit Versus Responsibility Explicit Corporate Social Matten and Moon (2004) presents a conceptual model for understanding corporate social responsibilities the, implicit versus the explicit corporate social responsibilities.Explicit CSR is about corporate policies with the objective of being responsible for what the society is interested in. Explicit CSR can for example be voluntary, self-interest driven corporate social responsibilities policies and strategies. Implicit CSR is a countrys formal and light institutions that give organizations an agreed share of responsibility for societys interests and concerns. Implicit CSR are values, norms and rules which result in requirements for corporations to address areas that stakeholders consider important. Business associations or ndividual organizations are often directly involved in the definition and legitimization of this social responsibility requirement. The Three Co mponents of Sustainability The Triple Bottom Line Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on environmental and Development, 1987) The triple bottom line is considering that companies do only have one objective, profitability, but that they also have objectives of adding environmental and social value to society (Crane and Matten, 2004).The concept of sustainability is generally regarded as having emerged from the environmental status is about how to manage physical resources so that they are conserved for the future. Therefore, economic sustainability is about the economic performance of the organization itself. A broader concept of economic sustainability includes the companys impact on the economic framework in which it is embedded. The development of the social perspective has not developed as fast-flying as the environmental and economic Olanrewa ju 021 perspectives. The key issue in the social perspective on sustainability is that of social justice.It can be seen from above that economic and environmental sustainability involved in the concept of externalities is mostly engendered in the importance placed by comparatives in the concept of social responsibilities. The European Foundation for Quality Management EFQM defines CSR as a consentaneous range of fundamental principle that organizations are expected to acknowledge and to reflect in their actions. It includes among other things respecting human rights, fair treatment of the workforce, customers and suppliers, being good corporate citizens of the communities in which they operate and conservation of natural environment.These fundamentals are seen as not only morally and ethically desirable ends in themselves and as part of the organizations philosophy but also as key drivers in ensuring that society will allow the organization to survive in the long term, as society benefits from the organizations activities and behavior (The EFQM Framework For Social Responsibility, 2004). CSR is the concept that an organization needs to consider the impact of their operations and business practices on not just the shareholders, but also its customers, suppliers, employees, members of the community it operates in, and even the environment.It is a way of saying thank you and expressing appreciation to all stakeholders in the business. It is a conscious effort to give back to the society in which the corporation has benefitted immensely. Characteristics of Corporate Social Responsibilities The European Foundation for Quality Management EFQM presents some common characteristics for CSR which are Meeting the need of current stakeholders without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own demand. Adopting CSR voluntarily, rather than as legal requirement, because it is seen to be in the long-term interests of the organization. Integrating soc ial, environmental and economic policies in day to day business Accepting CSR as a core activity that is embedded into an organizations management strategy. The three dimension of CSR with specific examples of areas particular to each dimension are Economic Responsibility Integrity, corporate governance, economic development of the community, transparency, opposeion of bribery and corruption, payments to national and local authorities, use of local suppliers, hiring local wear upon and similar areas.Social Responsibility Human rights, training and developing local labour, contributing expertise to community programs and similar areas. Environmental Responsibility Precautionary approaches to prevent or minimize adverse impacts support for initiatives, promoting greater environmental responsibility, developing and diffusing environmentally friendly technologies and similar areas. Lohman and Steinholtz (2004) view the CSR concept as a crew of three separate agendas, namely Corporat e Sustainability, Accountability and Governance.Corporate Sustainability derives from the United Nation meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Agenda 21. This refers to how we address and balance the social, economic and environmental areas in the world so that our long term survival is not threatened. Corporate Accountability focuses on the credibility of the organization and is used in situations where discussions are held about the ability of the organization to manage. Corporate governance is used in the discussion about how an organization is being run. It deals with transparency and in the long run placeworthiness.Bowen (1953) defined it as the obligation of business men to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of the society. A number of studies have been carried out on CSR since the idea was floated in the twentieth century. For, example, a Business week/Harris poll (1993) revealed that U. S. top-level corporate executives (69% of those polled) and MBA students (89%) believed that corporations should be more involved in solving crucial problems.Also in a study of 107 Europeans corporations, majorly of the chief executives cadre surveyed agreed that addressing social issues, such as substance abuse, health care and education, was needed (Mathison, 2003). Business in any society needs to take responsibility, for every decision that is made, every action that is taken, must be viewed in the light of that kind of responsibility. Social responsibility requires business organizations to balance the benefits to be gained against the costs of achieving those benefits.There is the general belief that both business and society gain when firms actively strive to be socially responsible. While business organizations gain in enhanced reputation, society gains from the social projects executed by the business organization. In the early 1970s, companies began to app reciate community service as a way to improve their images, internally and externally, as well as to serve the 022 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. communities in which the business operates. A study carried out by the National Volunteer Centre in U. S. n 1977 shows that more than 1,100 major U. S. corporations had established structured activities to involve their workers in community volunteerism by 1990. A survey of 180 leading U. S. companies found that 79% of them had volunteer programmes. Also, a study conducted by IBM and the graduate of School of Business at the University of Columbia in 1994 showed a clear link between volunteerism and return on as portions, return on investments and employee productivity. A company with a strong community involvement programme is likely to score high in profitability and employee morale.Social responsibility should, in fact, reflect cultural values and may differ in forms from one society to the other. What is socially acceptable in Japan may d iffer in forms from that of Germany, brazil-nut tree or Indonesia. Japanese firms have proved themselves models citizens on many dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility. Their support of local community activities and other philanthropic endeavours have led to increased grace of God in the communities where they operate.The firms help society in areas directly related to the operations of the business. A survey conducted by the Japanese External divvy up Organisation (JETRO) in 1997 shows that approximately 80% of Japanese affiliated operations in the United State which were covered by the survey engaged in corporate philanthropy. Making cash contributions was the most common form of philanthropy (about 91%). Community development and education were the primary beneficiaries of cash donations and encouragement of employee volunteerism was up to 36% from 1992.Over 95% of responding organizations maintained or increased both cash donations and other philanthropic activities s ince the at long last survey in 1992. Being socially responsible by meeting the publics continually changing expectations requires wise leadership at the top of the organization. Miles (1987) observed that corporate leaders who possesses this kind of social vision believe that business should help create social change rather than block it. With such attitude, they know that their own company will have a better chance of surviving in the turbulent social currents of todays world.Frooman (1997) further observed that companies which are socially responsible are guided by enlightened selfinterest, which means that they are socially aware without giving up their own economic self interest. Profit are the reward for the firm as it continues to yield lawful value to its customers, to help its employees to grow, and to behave responsibly as a corporate citizen. An emphasis on social responsibility can attract customers. A poll conducted by Opinion Research Corporation shows that 89% of p urchases by adult are influenced by a companys reputation. Social responsibility also benefits ompanies by enabling them to recruit a high quality labor force. The reputation of the firm and the goodwill associated with socially responsible actions attract talented prospective employee, that is, people seeking an employer for whom they would be proud to work. At Cadbury Nigeria plc, the concept of CSR is seen as a continuing commitment by business to behave ethically in ways that will contribute to economic development of the nation. It is also expected to improve the quality of life of not only the companys workforce and families but also that of the local community as well as the society at large. Business Day, Newspaper, 13th October, 2003) Over the last decades there has been an observable happy chance from adopting more responsible business practices as a result of regulatory citations, consumer complaints and special interest group twinges, to proactive research exploring c orporate solutions to social problems and incorporating in the alto spend a pennyher business practices that will support these issues. This good luck has been due to increasing evidence being documented and shared, demonstrating that socially responsible business practices can actually increase profits. the fact that in our global market place, consumers have more options and can make choices based on the criteria beyond product, price and distribution channels. Research emphasized that consumers are also basing their purchase decisions on reputation for fair and sustainable business practices and perceptions of commitment to the communitys welfare. the fact that Investors and other stakeholders may also be the driving force with increased public scrutiny and use of more cultivate drag tactics, including use of technology and power of internet. Interest in increased worker productivity and retentiveness which has turned corporate heads towards ways to improve satisfaction an d well being. (Cocacola bottler in South Africa launching an human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS prevention program in the work place). Technology and increased third party insurance coverage having been given increased visibility and coverage of corporate activities, especially when things go wrong, as with current corporate scandals that have made the public more suspicious of business creating the need for business to put a positive shine on their activities.This is even more critical today with instant access to twenty four (24) hours news channel such as CNN outline news articles and e-mail alerts. The bar for enough revealing appears have been raised, moving potential customers from a consumer beware attitude to an expectation that they will be fully informed as regards practices including product content, sources of raw materials and manufacturing processes. Advocate of CSR argues that companies with good social and environmental records will perform better in the long ru n than those that do not behave responsibly. This is because customers will like to patronize anyOlanrewaju 023 company with good social and environmental records more than companies without such records as they will be seen to have identified with the community. It has been argued that since Corporate Social Responsibility can enhance a companys image, it raises the question of whether or not CSR was embarked upon solely for corporate self interest, company or their chief executives may be politically motivated when making corporate donations. But Black (1989) objecting to this self interest power maintains that in CSR, the company giving funds does not attempt to gain any advertising benefit or undue identification.The company is contented with the belief that CSR is good business. Responsibilities of a firm To achieve strike out objectives, every firm owes respective(a)(a) duties to all the stakeholders, and these must be fulfilled. These responsibilities are discussed below Duty to protect the well-being of people in its environment. A firms primary traffic is to protect the well being of those living in its environment its operations or practice. For example, a firm wishing to bleed out banking business must first be incorporated under the Companies and Allied Matter practice (CAMA), 1990 and then valid licence from the governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).Its operations should be in line with the provisions of the Bank and Other Financial Institutions locomotes (BOFIA), 1991, the CBN Act, the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporations (NDIC) Acts, the Money Laundry Act 2004 and other banking laws. The firm should produce goods and services that are not harmful to the people. A manufacturing company should not produce goods that may cause death to people. Similarly, in the feed of maximizing profit, a bank should not finance illegal projects, say, admit finance for the illegal purchase of ammunition, or abeit illegal transfer by unpatrio tic citizens or politicians. A firm should not deceive others. Deception, in this way, can take various forms, namely failing to include all the required quantities and quality materials for producing a particular product, but may still indicate on the package that the normal quality were involved colluding with the external auditor to render false financial statements to shareholders, regulating authorities and members of the public, with a view to declaring false profit preparing two sets of accounts or returns, i. e. ccurate and false accounts, and sending the false one to the regulatory authorities and the accurate one to the shareholders, to conceal some facts in the course of bank supervision and examination. An organization should enter into fair binding contract with its customers, creditors, employees, suppliers etc. all terms and conditions of the contract should be well stated by the firm and well understood by the parties concerned. It is important for a firm to discha rge its duties under the contract at all times.For example, a customer granted credit facility should be allowed to repay under the agreed terms and conditions for which the loanword was granted. Duty to make reasonable return to shareholders in accordance with the level of investment. The ordinary shareholder takes the highest guess in business, hence it is the duty of management of a company to utilize the resources of the company usefully to generate profit, the bulk of which should go to the ordinary shareholder.The firm should ensure that the market price of the companys share is attractive to the public. When this is done, the owners economic welfare is maximized by high return on capital of the United States usually reflected on the market price of shares of the company. Duty to minimize harmful effect of substance. In the course of doing business, firms are bound to engage in activities whose effects may be harmful or offensive to the members of the organization and t he public.For example, hospital, police, radio, and television stations, telecommunication business provide twenty-four hours service to their customers and client, an indication that the employees of these organizations must be on duty every hour of the day. To be effective and efficient, there is need for shift duty. Although orgasm to work at night or very early in the morning might not be palatable with all employees, this is in evitable thus, a fair honorarium, in terms of shift hazards and inconvenience allowances, should be paid to the employees concerned. This will strengthen their commitment.Similarly oil and gas industries should pay high compensation to the people living in the area where oil and gases are produced, as this could compensate for the environment debasement of the area and other problems encountered by the people living in the community. Also bank staff that work outside the normal banking hours should be paid compensation allowance. Duty to pay reasonabl e salaries and wages to the employees. It is the duty of the firm to use the revenue generated from its business activities to pay fair and reasonable compensation in the forms of salaries and allowances to workers.This should be commensurate with the services rendered. However, it will be unethical, unfair and an act of irresponsibility for a firm to lead the workers to perform task that will expose them to serious danger, risk, or unprofessional practices, all in the interest of robust salaries and allowances. For example, a situation where banks set unachievable deposit targets for staff by employing beautiful ladies and broad men to run after cash-bags to attract deposits. This encourages fraud and prostitution.A staff that fails to meet the target knowing full well that he would be sacked might resort to stealing to raise more funds or resort to prostitution. In like manner, a firm that pays reasonable returns on capital will enjoy round-the-clock investment of shareholders . Duty to use part of the firms profit to provide 024 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. amenities that promote the common good of the community in which it operates. Duty to embark on projects that brings about the expansion and improvement in the companys operations.Firms that expand create additional duty opportunities to the community, and this will less(prenominal)en crime rates. Similarly goods are made available at affordable prices, thereby meeting the needs and satisfaction of the consumers. This encourages good standard of living of people in the community. Duty to honor obligations to the government in terms of payments of taxes an levies, thereby making fund available to the government to provide infrastructure facilities and meet the recurrent expenditures with a view to promoting national development.Social responsibility to stakeholders An organization should fulfill its social responsibilities to the following stakeholders for it to achieve its set objectives. For insta nce, using a Bank as a case study, the stakeholders will include a. Customers market prices of the shares of the bank in the stock market Ensuring safe investments through and through good and sound management to prevent distress Issuing bonus share from time to tome Keeping the shareholders informed of the banks performances through annual general meetings, newsletters and information bulletins. . Employees Offer efficient services progress to savings and withdrawals of money less time consuming by reducing the waiting time Ensure adequate liquidity so that cash withdrawals is met promptly Pay competitive rate of interest on saving and deposit, in line with the CBNs credit and monetary guidelines Charges reasonable interest rates and commissions Ensure safety of deposit so much so that the customers can deposit his money in the bank and go to sleep translate a conducive environment for banking activities, e. g. pacious and well ventilated banking hall, security for valu ables and vehicles within the bank premises and Make secret of the affairs between the bank and customers to protect the interest of the customers. b. Shareholders Provide a conducive working(a) environment i. e. make available modern working tools and equipment, ventilated offices, good infrastructure, decent and official cars, health and safety equipment at the workplace etc Pay competitive salary remuneration commensurate with the level of commitment Offer opportunities for career development, e. . inducement for taking professional examination Train and develop employees through continuous learning at seminars, conferences, workshop, with the view to update their knowledge base, to meet rapid changes in the banking environment. Keep employees adequately informed on the policies, procedures and rules relating to day-to-day banking operations. This can be done through newsletters, bulletins, meetings, etc Involve employees in decisions change them, to ensure their total commitment and loyalty Maintaining equal opportunities among employees, i. . there should be no preferential treatment or favourism Establish clear cut bargaining and grievance procedures that will be known and followed by all employees. d. Government Being a responsible corporate entity or citizen, provide credit facilities to various sectors of the economy, with a view to ensuring the economic development of the country Comply with the laws and regulations rescribed by regulatory authorities like the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporate, etc Assist government in funding and promoting social activities, such as sponsoring sports programmes, contributions towards combating diseases e. g. AIDS, etc. e. The Public If banks are to guarantee continuous investment of their shareholders, they have the duty of Ensuring effective performance by utilizing the capital invested in the bank to maximize profit. Paying good dividends, i. e. reasonable returns co mmensurate with the capital investment.Maximizing the owners wealth by ensuring good . Banks are socially responsible to the banking public, in general, and members of the community in which they are situated, in particular, in the following ways Olanrewaju 025 Development of the environment through provision of basic facilities like good imbibitioning water, donations to development associations, bringing banking services to the rural areas, autochthonous lending, etc. Creation and maintenance of employment opportunities to qualified members of the community. This encourages loyalty, commitment and cooperation from the community. Participation in community activities, such as donations to community to celebrations, awarding scholarship to deserving members of the community, etc, and Using the skills of employees to develop charitable goods and services. MODERN bodily SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Modern CSR was born during 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro when United Nations spon sored recommendations on regulation were rejected in favour of a manifesto for voluntary self-regulation put forward by a coalition of companies called the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).Its version of events was endorsed by the US, the UK and other Western governments. The British government for example, is still a vocal supporter of voluntarism. Such resistance to regulation seem to have left the worst corporate abusers effectively unrestrained and the victims of their actions adequate means of redress. Whatever responsible initiatives companies hire to carry out on their own behalf binding international standards of corporate behavior must be established to guarantee that the rights of people and the environment in developing countries like Nigeria are properly protected.It is hence recommended that there should be international regulation backed up by national legislation, to ensure the enforcement of real social responsibility on the corporate world . Introducing the threat of prosecution and legal action with resulting detailed disclosure of company documents would create powerful incentives for companies to behave responsibly.At a national level, Government should Adopt new laws to make corporate social and environmental reporting and disclosure mandatory for British companies including the disclosure of payments to overseas government, information on the social and environmental impact of overseas operations and details of legal actions against companies. Frame new responsibilities for companies directors to give them a duty of care for communities and their environment, making them legally accountable for the actions of their companies overseas. Change the law to change people harmed by British companies overseas operations to seek redress in UK court and to provide the resources to enable them do so. What Drives Corporate Social Responsibilities Defending public image If companies behave improperly, they can be got at t hrough the court of international public opinion. The first CSR initiatives were a response to public pressure and media exposure of poor company behavior. CSR was supposed to show that companies were capable of cleaning up their act. Prof.Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School argues that CSR is all defensive effort, a PR games in which companies primarily react to deal with the critics and the pressure from activists. Attracting investors companies that proactively engage with sustainable development agenda and its advocate in the investment world should generate support, interest and understanding among investors. This will ultimately ascribe a premium to share price. CSR makes companies attractive to both mainstream investors and to the fast growing ethical-investment sector.Many investors now believe that social and environmental riskmanagement improves a companys market value in the long term. Permission to operate CSR has, of late become a vital component in companies effort to gain approval for projects carrying significant political and social risks. Lobbying against regulations one of the key functions of CSR is to enable further deregulations by pointing to the involvement of business in ethical and sustainable activities and to indicate that multi-stakeholder dialogue with civil society obviates the need for binding regulation (David Miller, Sterling Media Research Institute).I believe that companies voluntary measures can help improve private-sector behavior. But voluntary activity is no substitute for regulation and there is evidence that companies that espouse voluntary approaches to meeting social and environmental standards are also involved in resisting external regulation, especially by government. Concept of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria To be able to understand CSR from a Nigerian perspective it is of value to explore the drivers for, and 026 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. the history and development of CSR in Nigeria.Th e World Business Council for sustainable Development has discussed CSR with business and non-business stakeholders in a number of countries in the world with the objective of understanding local perspectives better and to get different perceptions of what CSR should mean from a number of different societies. (httpwww. cecodes. org. co). One important finding in this study was that people were talking about the role of the private sector in relation to a social agenda and they saw that role as increasingly linked to the overall well-being of society.Therefore the chosen priorities differed according to the perception of local needs. The key CSR issues identified in the study included Human rights, Employee rights, Environmental protection, Community involvement and Supplier relations. The book Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countries (Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) contains a chapter about revisiting Carrolls CSR pyramid from a Nigerian perspective. Most of the research on Carrolls CSR pyramid has been in an American context and in this report an attempt is made to look on how CSR manifests itself in a Nigerian context.In Nigeria, economic responsibility still get the most emphasis while philanthropy is given second highest priority, followed by legal and then ethical responsibilities. According to the report there are many reasons for this. Firstly, the socio-economic needs of the Nigeria societies in which companies operate are so huge that philanthropy has become an expected norm. Companies also understand that they cannot practise in societies that fail. Secondly, many Nigerian societies have become dependent on foreign aid and there is an ingrained culture of philanthropy in Nigeria.A third reason, according to the report, is that CSR is still at an early gunpoint in Nigeria, sometimes even equating philanthropy. It is important to stress that in Nigeria philanthropy is more than charitable giving. HIV/AIDS is an example where the response by business is essentially philanthropic but clear in companies own economic interests. The low priority for legal responsibilities is, according to the study, not due to the fact that Nigeria companies ignore the law but the pressure for governance and CSR is not so immense.Ethical perspective seems to have the least influence on the CSR agenda. This is not to say that African businesses are unethical. For example, the King Report in 2003 (http//www. corporate compliance. org) was the first global corporate governance code to talk about stakeholders and to stress the importance of business accountability beyond the interests of shareholders. Ajadi (2006), in a conference paper on Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria delivered at British Council conference on CSR in Nigeria, 2006, specifies some additional specific drivers for CSR in Nigeria The failure of centralized, government controlled economy to develop the country The extraordinary transaction cost to business of corruption and o ther failures of social capital The history of conflict and waste in the extractive industry exemplified by the Niger Delta saga The Nigerian population whose majority is under the age of 25 and is largely ignored despite the fact that they are critical to the survival and future prosperity of business and the country at large. The potential benefit of a commercially active and productive country of over 140 million potential consumers.The drivers for CSR in the westernmost are to be found within areas such as increased brand value, greater access to finance, a healthier and safer workforce, stronger risk management and corporate governance, motivated people, customer loyalty, enhanced confidence and trust of stakeholders as well as enhanced public image. These drivers may not necessarily be applicable to Nigerian companies. Most indigenous companies in Nigeria are privately held, family owned and operated. Local consumer and civil society pressures are almost nonexistent and la w enforcement mechanisms are weak. (Amaeshi, Adi, Ogbechie and Amao. 006). There are numerous ways of implementing CSR in an organization. CSR practices can address environmental issues, social issues or both. The murder can be done by integrating CSR in the business or it can be run as a project. sometimes there are CSR strategies and policies framing the CSR agenda, sometimes there are not. According to world Business Council for sustainable Development (Lohman and Steinholtz, 2003) an active CSR work might include areas such as The management of the organization understandably declares its views and obligations towards the society and its stakeholders. The organization develops and implements clear policies. The organization has rules for purchasing including social and environmental concerns. The organization reduces its ecological footprints, both in production and in the process of production. The organization has objectives with regard to environmental and social concern s. The organization shows an active engagement with regard to the development of its local society. Consumers are educated on how products ought to be used. The organization informs about all its different business areas in a transparent manner.For most businesses operating in Nigeria whether small or large, local or national, the transaction cost of operating is often unpredictable. At the heart of this bother is the obvious problem of operating in a low trust Olanrewaju 027 economy. For many businesses the cost of paying upfront on cash flow or delayed payment the difficulty of investing in people development the challenge of high volume cash transactions are all part of a severely eroded social capital. At the core of this issue is the role of business confederacy with government and others to exemplify and model behaviors that restore optimism and improves trust.The challenges that face a business in Nigeria are unique because CSR can probably not be optional in such a m ode. In a country where the social, health, education and environmental needs are so prevalent, where government resources are so stretched, where cursory people live on the breadline, business any other way is not only unethical, it is most probably not sustainable. Implementation of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria Annually, limited liability companies in Nigeria give reports of their social responsibility efforts. These are in four major identifiable areas viz a.The immediate environment of the company where the interest of the neighbours of the given companies are taken care of as much as is practicable (Bello, 1988) b. spot worthy national or state activities to support. In this respect, educational, sporting and cultural activities are sponsored by companies as forms of social responsibility. Also, scholarships, training facilities, and other forms of support are often provided for students. c. Responding to major disasters. Such disasters may take off from natu re or it may be accidental like the bomb explosion at the Ikeja camping on Sunday, January 27, 2002.In the oil industry, there had been several reported cases of oil spills damage farmlands, crops, forests and water. Others like fire, flood, drought and eating away are also responded to. Various types of materials are made available to victims of such disasters. d. Diversification of activities to areas of importance in the nations economic development. For example, Guinness plc invested funds in two major eyeclinics in Nigeria, and Texaco Oil Producing and Marketing Company diversified into agricultural activities of cultivating cassava and processing Garri Cassava flour.Before the United Kingdom developed its CSR policy, Gordon Brown, prior to proper the prime Minister said today CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past, donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year and is instead an all year round responsibility that companies accept for the environ ment around them now we need to move towards a challenging measure of corporate responsibility, where we settle results not just by the input but by its outcomes the difference we make to the world in which we live, and the contribution we make to poverty reduction (Corporate Social Responsibility A Government Update www.Csr. gov. uk). There is no doubt the committee saddled with the responsibility of developing a CSR policy for Nigeria will learn from the countries (especially developing ones) that have adopted and are implementing such policies successfully. Prior to the above declaration of the Federal Government, Nigeria did not have a CSR policy. Several companies operating here took the initiative to develop a CSR guideline or code for themselves.It is not out of place for a study to have found that indigenous firms perceive and practice CSR as corporate philanthropy aimed at addressing socio-economic development challenges in Nigeria. This finding confirms that CSR is a lo cate and socially embedded construct, as the waves, issues and modes of CSR practices identified amongst indigenous firms in Nigeria reflect the firms responses to their socio-economic context (Amaeshi et al 2006) One of the leading telecommunication companies in Nigeria, MTN Nigeria, developed a CSR policy direction document in 2004 in conjunction with a consulting outfit.The company has since gone ahead to establish MTN Foundation to lead its CSR policy implementation locally. A search for Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility by indigenous firms in Nigeria by Dotun Atilade, mentioned that elements of social responsibility include investment in community outreach, employee relations, creation and maintenance of employment , environmental responsibility, human rights and financial performance.It is about producing and / or delivering socially and environmentally responsible products and /or services in an environmentally and socially responsible manner while openness, a ccountability and transparency are some of the new key words covering a vast range of issues. A sustained workbench mark for studying CSR practice, as suggested by Moon (2002), emphasizes waves, issues and modes waves (1) community involvement (2) socially responsible production process and (3) socially responsible employee relations, issues CSR practices emphasizes e. g. nvironmental , education, employee welfare , health and safety and modes through which they are implemented e. g. philanthropy foundation and codes. The result of these activities has been discovered to be shaped by Nigerian corporate Governance framework and socio-economic conditions as reported in some research on the CSR activities of indigenous companies. The European Unions Green Paper on CSR defines it as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environment concerns in their business operations and in 028 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. heir interactions with their stake holders on a voluntary base. Mark maxwell and Siegel (2001) as actions that appears to further some social groups beyond the interest of the firm and that which is required by law while the CSR constructs is a new coinage, it is not a new practice. It could be traced back to such example as the th th Quakers in 17 and 18 Century whose business philosophy was not primarily driven by profits maximization but to add value to the society at large. Business was framed as part of the society and not separate from it.The resurgent interest in the practice provides a fertile ground for different discourses and actors which lends it to multiple and contested. (Moon, 2002). A common strand that runs through most of these studies suggests that meaning and practice of CSR is social culturally embedded. CSR in Nigeria would be aimed towards addressing the peculiarity of the social economic development challenges of the country (poverty alleviation, health care provision, infrastructure development, structure, education, etc and would be informed by social cultural influences (e. g. communalism and charity).This might not necessarily reflect the popular western standard/expectations of CSR (e. g. consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, and social responsible investments) etc. At Zenith Bank, Corporate Social Responsibility is not just a buzz word its a way of life. To emphasize this belief Zenith Bank set up Zenith philanthropy, a fully functional department responsible for identifying areas, sectors and causes of the serving of philanthropic aid. Zenith philanthropy is the channel through which Zenith bank gives back to the society.Zenith bank sees giving back to society as a serious and passionate cause. Today CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year, but rather, an all year round responsibility that companies accept the environment around them for the best working practices for their engagement in their local communities and for their local communities and for their recognition that brand names depends not only on quality, price and uniqueness but on how cumulatively they interact with companies work force community and environment.There are a lot of damages these companies are doing to the environment like local air pollution such as particulates, and the damage caused by the over-use and pollution of fresh water, the social impacts such as the migration of people driven out of affected areas , the toxic waste heavy waters users like food, drink and clothing companies are releasing into the environment. The aim of this study is to encourage and help investors lobby companies to reduce their environmental impact before concerned governments act to restrict them through taxes or regulations.The companies can give up the excess profit now, if they want a world in which its possible to make any money at all, later. If we go on failing to put a price on the environment, well m ake the major planet uninhabitable. The entire basis for freedom and for a sound economy is that if you want something, you have to pay for it. And right now, were not paying for the environment, were taking from it. What happens when the resources we have effectively doled out for free run out?Were already getting an idea with the oceans, where CO2 pollution is making them so acid that it is literally dissolving the shells of mollusk and killing them off. Literally, Nigerian banking industry and telecommunication industry today operate in what can be described as the enemys territory, with hardly any identifiable friend in the polity. Everyone has an axe to grind with them, the fact that they are needed to foster individual and collective business growth notwithstanding.While government sees them as being selfish and responsible for most of the problems of the economy, the regulatory authorities look at them and their operators with suspicion. To the public, employees of banking in dustry and telecommunication are privileged, over-pampered and over-paid cheats and liars who thrive at the expense of the rest of the society. Banking industry and the telecommunication industry are seen as making huge profits in a depressed economy. In effect, they are milking the economy dry instead of growing it.This perception is in fact miles away from the impression of known economist of yester-years. They are believed to foster economic growth in any economy. Adams Smith (1910) left no doubt as to what the role of banks in economic growth should be. However, the allegations leveled against banking and telecommunication industries can never be wished away and these are impacting negatively on