Utilitarianism A Workable Moral Theory Why Or Why Not

Utilitarianism: A Workable Moral Theory? Why or Why Not? Utilitarianism is one of the most commonly used ethical theories from the time it was formulated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill in the nineteenth century. In his work, Utilitarianism, Bentham â€Å"sought to dispel misconceptions that morality has nothing to do with usefulness or utility or that morality is opposed to pleasure† (MacKinnon, 2012, p. 53). To simplify the utilitarian principle, which is one of utility, one can surmise that morality is equated with the greatest amount of utility or good for the greatest number of people (MacKinnon, 2012). Also, with its orientation to the â€Å"end or goal of actions† (MacKinnon, 2012, p. 54), Utilitarianism thus, espouses the consequentialist principle, e.g., the evaluation of any human act lies not so much in the nature of the act or the drive behind the act but rather the result of the act (MacKinnon, 2012). The utilitarian promotion of pleasur e or happiness as the intrinsic good makes it akin to Hedonism or Epicureanism that holds â€Å"mental delight and peace were the goods to be sought in life (MacKinnon, 2012, p. 54). Thus, utilitarianism as â€Å"a pleasure or happiness theory† (MacKinnon, 2012, p. 54) promotes that the only goals that man ought to seek were happiness and pleasure (MacKinnon, 2012). On the other hand, one has to note, that utilitarianism is not egoism, for the fact that happiness and pleasure are to beShow MoreRelatedTutorial 2 Professional Development1089 Words   |  5 Pagesis slightly better than Company B †¢ Company B’s initial cost are less compared to company B †¢ The expenditure on offer of company B is more than company A †¢ The complete cost of company A is less than company B 2. Using utilitarian ethical theory (consequence based): a. Identify who benefits or suffers (and how) from the consequences (whether as an individual or as a member of a group of people) if Nirmal decides to accept the tender from company A? Beneficiaries Sufferers GovernmentRead MoreThe Mill s Greatest Happiness Principle1543 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on your character. Happiness and virtue are related, because to be happy, you have to be virtuous.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Mill’s Greatest Happiness Principle is the foundation for the Utilitarianism views. Mill’s Greatest Happiness Principle is described as the actions that promote happiness, or even just the absence of pain, are good and moral. The role that it plays in ethical decision making is that it looks at the end results of a decision and takes the action that satisfies the greatest amount of happinessRead MoreMills and Happiness Essay925 Words   |  4 Pageshappy if its going to keep me from being my own person. I think Rachels article brings up good point on how Utilitarianism can and cant work. He agrees with it in general with the basic principals in theory for example that consequences are what matter most. He also gives his reasons on why not to trust our common sense. Rachel believes the (act) utilitarianism is legitimate because it focuses on the consequences of the individual acts to deem what is right and wrong. ForRead MoreThe Case of the Speluncean Explorers1980 Words   |  8 Pagesmajor moral theories being de-ontological (backward looking/origin) and teleological (forward looking/ends). Both also have religious and non-religious strands. The de-ontological theory consists of the divine-command theory (religious) and Kantianism (non-religious), while the teleological theory is composed of natural-law theory (religious) and utilitarianism (non-religious). In this paper, all four strands of moral theory will be used to evaluate the Fuller article and decipher which moral theoryRead MoreTheories of Punishment3436 Words   |  14 PagesTheories of why we punish offenders are crucial to the understanding of criminal law; in fact it is not easy to define legal punishment, however one thing is clear within the different theories of punishment is that they all require justification.[1] There are many theories of punishm ent yet they are predominantly broken down into two main categories. The utilitarian theory seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or â€Å"deter,† future wrong doing. The retributive theory seeks to punish offendersRead MoreEthical Egoism vs Deontological Egoism2268 Words   |  10 Pagesand attractive Egoism theory Understanding Moral theories The goal of a moral theory is to meet certain moral principles. Various principles are argued for to be included as moral principles within a workable moral theory. 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Wilderness AT tires producedRead MoreBiblical Ethics and Moral Dilemmas: God is the Answer Essay2599 Words   |  11 PagesThroughout the history of the world, people have been concerned with what it is to live a moral life. Many answers have been put forth for this question, but the best by far is found in the Christian Bible. This is because the Bible is a revelation from the Creator. While people can grope in the dark to find answers to moral questions by looking at natural law, they are always frustrated because the real nature of the world we live in is fallen and corrupt. We have an adversary who tries to deceiveRead MoreLaw 368 Ethics And Professional Responsibility2016 Words   |  9 Pagesethics. According to this belief system morality stems from the identity and/or character of the individual rather than the consequences of his/her actions. What makes actions right or wrong depends on whether they are performed in accordance with moral principles. Such actions, according to their perpetrators, ought to be considered as an end in themselves and never merely as a means to an end. That is, the ethical system is directed by the decision maker’s perception of the morality of their actionRead MoreThe Cannabis Debate Essay examples3978 Words   |  16 PagesZealand and Sweden. In 2003 the first cannabis-based prescription medicines for more than 30 years is available in UK high-street chemists, drugs minister Bob Ainsworth reveals. (Brownlee 2003) ETHICAL THEORIES There are particular theories used in ethics, which can be described as follows; Schools of ethics in western philosophy can be divided, very roughly, into three sorts. The first, drawing on the work of Aristotle, holds that the virtues (such as

Ges Management Theory - 1077 Words

General Electric (GE) was founded by Thomas Edison in 1878 as a way for him to fund his research into electric light. Only one year later in 1879 he accomplished that mission when he created the first incandescent light. Incandescent light was only the beginning, over the next 128 years GE became an innovator in the advancement of technology and implementing new ideas. Some of these products included the first electric powered X-ray machine, television, radio, locomotives, home appliances and radar systems. While GE was building a name for itself with great new products it also became a leader with its innovations in management. In 1900 GE embarked on its first management initiative by creating the first corporate research and†¦show more content†¦They began to see employees as valuable resources and were the first to offer pension and profit sharing plans. GE was beginning to understand that to maximize a workers potential you must consider their thoughts, feeling and emotions. In the 1960s when the quantitative perspective was emerging GE developed the Business Screen. The screen was one of many new tools that used mathematical concepts to help guide a company’s business dealings. As described previously the screen was used to to identify the optimal portfolio of business units that a company can hold. 2. Which of GE’s management innovations seem to draw on a classical management perspective? Which seem to draw on a behavioral management perspective? I believe that GE’s innovation of Six Sigma, Workout and Blub Books all drew on the classical management perspective. More specifically the Blue Books drew on scientific management as they were more concerned with improving the performance of each manager. The Six Sigma quality initiative was more administrative management as is dealt with the idea an entire organization can become more efficient. There are two innovations that I believe drew on the behavioral management perspective. First, the pension and profit sharing plans for its employees that I discussed earlier. Second, is the policy of firing the lowest performing 10% of workers. Without question I believe thisShow MoreRelatedManagement at Work1470 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Management at Work 1. Does the pattern of management developments at GE over the last century seem to reflect the pattern suggested by management theory? Explain your answer. The management developments that GE has formulated over the past century appear to reflect the same sequential pattern that has been suggested by the management theory. GE’s first organizational innovation was the establishment of their corporate research and development lab in 1900. 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In order to give a perspective on GE’s size, they ranked seventh overall behind several Chinese companies, JP Morgan Chase, Berkshire Hathaway, and

Becoming A Knight Essay Example For Students

Becoming A Knight Essay During the middle ages, in order to become a knight one had to go through many years of training. A knight-to-be spent at least fourteen years of his life learning the proper conduct and etiquette of knighthood. Once the years of training were completed, often an elaborate ceremony took place when the gentleman was knighted. Once knighted, the man had to live by the code of chivalry. This code had the basic guidelines of a knights behavior. This code was so respected that abiding by it brought honor and respect from others. The education of a knight began at the age of seven. This was when a boy was taken from his home and sent to the castle of a famous noble, perhaps his fathers lord. Here he served the lord and the lady as a page until he was fourteen years old. One of the many duties of a page was to accompany the lord and lady at all times. He also waited on them during meals, and went with them on various affairs doing whatever was asked of him. As a page, he received religious instruction from the chaplain. The squires taught the page fighting skills, and gave him training in arms. The mistress and her ladies taught the page to honor and protect all women. He also learned to sing and to play the lute, in order to hunt and hawk. The most important thing that he learned during the seven years as a page was how to care for and ride a horse. This was a skill that was essential when becoming a knight, because a horse was his primary mode of transportation. At the age of fourteen, the page became a squire, and at the same time, was formally assigned to a knight. He now learned to handle a sword, lance, and to bear the weight of heavy armor. Along with his continued duties from when he was a page, he now had to carve at the dinner table, and accompany his knight to war. He was constantly receiving instructions from the knight, and attended to the knights personal needs. He assisted the knight with putting on his armor, and had to make sure the sword and other arms of the knight were polished. He also had to care for the knights horse, which entailed grooming, feeding, and constant attention. The squire stood by in battles to give aid in a conflict should the knight be overmatched, and to lend his horse should his master lose his own. It was the squire who picked up the knight when he fell, and took his body away if he was injured or killed. This all lasted for the next seven years of the squires life. At the end of th!is period, when he was twenty-one, a squire who had demonstrated his competence and worth, either by successful completion of his training or on the actual field of battle, was knighted. The ceremony of the squire becoming knighted was often very elaborate. The squire had to first take a purification bath that symbolized the purity of his new life. After the bath, he knelt or stood all night in prayer before the altar on which the armor he would wear later lay. In the morning they had a religious ritual, with perhaps a sermon on the knights duty to protect the weak, make wrongs right, and honor women. After this, in the courtyard in the presence of the assembled knights and fair ladies, the knights armor was buckled on. He was presented with a pair of golden spurs, which only a knight could wear, a shining new suit of armor, a sword, a shield, a lance, and a charger. After putting on the armor piece by piece, he knelt to receive the accolade. This was a blow upon the neck or shoulder, given by the officiating lord, or knight with his fist, or with the flat of a sword. As the blows were given, the lord said, ?In the name of God and St. Michael and S!t. George, I dub t hee knight; be brave and loyal.? He was now a full-fledged bachelor knight entitled to all the honors and privileges of his rank. Still at other times the ceremonies were not quite as elaborate. Sometimes they were forced to make it short and simple because of war. It was not uncommon for a page to become knighted in the field of battle. This shows how dedicated the knight was to his duties. He was willing to sacrifice the most important moment of his life in order to fight for, and defend his land. Nutrition EssayWhite mocked the idea of a knight being devoted to his duties with King Pellinore. Although Pellinore had the title of a king, he displayed all of the characteristics of a knight. His quest in life was to hunt down a certain beast that roamed the forests Pellinore lived in. He spent many years of his life hunting this beast, just to catch it and let it go. This was rather foolish of Pellinore, but his quest was over and it was time to move on. The point in which T.H. White is getting across, is that the knight should not work so hard in his quest, because when he reaches his goal, there is nothing more left to do. In the book, White portrays Kay as the knight-to-be. As the first son of the king, he grew up knowing that he would become a knight. Eventually, he goes through all of the training, and steps needed to become a knight. After becoming a knight, he does not begin to act appropriately until Arthur becomes king. When they were younger he seemed to act rather cocky because he knew that as a knight he would be a level above Arthur, but since Arthur becomes king it humbles Kay. Although being a knight is a very respectable position, it is obviously not looked upon as highly as the king. This shows how knighthood can be disappointing, because the power of a king overpowers that of a knight. The character in The Once and Future King whom best supported the fact that the word knight is just a title, was Sir Lancelot.He was the most powerful and well-known knight of the book. He was the first knight of Camelot, and he was knighted when he first arrived. He could best be described as Arthurs right hand man, and was willing to put his life on the line for Arthur, as well as for Camelot. Sir Lancelot had all of these credentials, but he was far from the perfect knight. Elaine, a woman from Lancelots past, comes back into his life and ultimately ruins him. She tricks Lancelot into sleeping with her. When Lancelots love, Guenevere, discovers that they slept together, she banishes him from the kingdom. Lancelot then goes insane and runs away to live an excluded life in the woods. This is a clear example of how knighthood is not always perfect. It shows how knights are human, and they can make mistakes, and have feelings just as anyone else can. Even the !most intense training ca n not change what one truly feels inside. It can not be argued that to earn the rank of knighthood, it took hard work, dedication, and devotion. The time and effort that one had to exert in order to become a knight is truly commendable. The chivalric code in which they lived by was very respectable in the middle ages, as well as present day. The qualities of knighthood are still admired, and they remain as applicable in todays world as they have been in the past.

Aged Care Centre Cost Analysis and Cost Management

Question: Discuss about theAged Care Centre Cost Analysis and Cost Management. Answer: Introduction In the contemporary world, cost consciousness is increasing among project team managers. Accordingly, when desire to offer more as well as better services has to confront the restrained ability to finance extra spending, project team managers have been naturally led to a cost-benefit analysis for the decision relating to resource allocation. Policy analysts along with researchers acknowledge generally the need to employ cost-benefit analysis and hence willing to employ this analytic tool Age Care Center (ACC) service programs (Elleh, 2013). Many remain hesitant, nevertheless, to apply cost-benefit analysis as a technique for guiding policy making in ACC and posit that other analytical tools have to be sought. It is the contention of the current author that cost-benefit analysis is able to fruitfully employ in ACC field and, with the techniques acknowledged limitations, it remains both objective and powerful tool for evaluating ACC programs. This section undertakes the cost-analysis of ACC in Australia (Heldman, 2013).. Age Care Center Costs in Australia An array of aged care services are subsidized by the government of Australia. It is anticipated that one will contribute towards the cost of ones care in case one can afford where ones personal circumstance permits. One could be wonder how much it costs to enter into an ACC. A residential care fee estimator has, however, been availed to assist in the estimation of what ACC costs he will be required to pay. Strong protection are available to make sure that care is reasonably priced in ACC for everybody. The government of Australian undertakes to regulate the maximum cost on may have to pay. Basic Daily Fee This is utilized as a contribution towards ones daily living costs like meals, laundry, cleaning, cooling and heating. Every person entering the ACC can be asked to make a payment for this fee. The highest basic daily fee for fresh inhabitants as well as interval inhabitants is pegged at $48.44 a day. The rate rises on 20th March as well as 20th September per annum in accordance with alterations to Age Pension. For new residents, the upper limit of the basic daily fee is eighty-five percent of the lone individual rate of basic Age Pension. Beginning 20th September 2016, a solitary rate basic Age Pension became 797.9 dollars a fortnight, besides eighty-five percent of sole rate of basic Age Pension became 678.210 dollars a fortnight. Such fees remain in effect even when one is a member of a couple. People will know the rate they need to pay as they obtain a letter arising from Department of Human Services which confirms his highest basic daily fee which is subjected to yearly indexing on March 20th and September 20th in accordance with the Age Pension increases. Means-Tested Care Fee It describes the extra payment towards ACC fees which certain individuals might be needed to remit. The DHS have a duty to work out whether one is obligated to pay such an extra cost anchored on income and assets assessments and advice the applicant of an amount. A half of a couples merged income and assets are regarded in the determination of the means-tested care fee, irrespective of which spouse nets income or possess assets. Means-tested care fees have annual and lifetime caps. Upon hitting the cap, one ceases to pay further means-tested care fees. Any income-tested care fees paid already in a Home Care Package before touching into ACC shall as well account for ones yearly and lifespan limits. Aged care means test are assessed via such information deemed incomed and exemptions. Such information is available on the website of Department of Human Services. The residential aged care may as well affect Centrelink payments. The current means-tested fee is pegged at $25,939.92 per annum, or $62,255.85 over a lifetime. One has to be given an account of how his income will be affected by this fee before making a major financial decision like selling a family home. The services of a financial adviser is necessary to assist in working out the best strategy for ones own condition. Accommodation Costs ACC program requires one to pay accommodation fees in the facility. Certain individuals may have their respective costs of accommodation paid fully or partially by government of Australia whereas others residents will have to make payments for accommodation cost agreed with the ACC. The Department of Human Services has a duty to advise which arrangement applies to a person on the basis of an assessment of his asset and income. For a partner of a couple, a 1/2 of the merged assets and income are accounted for in the determination of a partners eligibility for assistance by the government with accommodation costs when one enters ACC, irrespective of the partner earning the income or owning the asset. The average cost of accommodation is around $350,000 to $400,000, but it could go higher where one is living in an expensive city such as Melbourne or Sydney or for a room with private bathroom. A financial Adviser will help choose between a lump sum payments (Refundable Accommodation Deposit-RAD) or Daily Accommodation Payments (DAP) or a merger of both. DAP remain essentially interest payments on an outstanding accommodation payment amount, whereas RAD is an interest-free loan to the facility that one will get back when he leaves or will be part of his estate when one passes on. Fess For Additional Services or Extra Care and Services Extra fees can apply where a person goes for an advanced accommodation standard or extra services. Additional service cost are applicable to such inhabitants who are in additional service facilities. Such places are under regulation and purposed to capture a sophisticated standard of services or accommodation. ACC that have devoted additional service facilities remain presently needed to publish their respective additional service costs on their website called My Aged Care, along with additional relevant materials provided by them to potential inhabitants. Additional extra care as well as services along with related costs remain under regulations. Such additional costs are under the agreements between the resident and ACC care giver. Such fees range across ACC. A persons ACC care provide is able to give one the details of such services, like Foxtel, and hairdressing alongside other applicable fees (Kerzner, 2013). Cost Management It is increasingly tricky to navigate the minefield of taking members of family into ACC care. There is a need to decode the loopholes that can potentially save one heartache and money. Making arrangements for the aged care for ageing parent that is not surviving at home could become emotionally demanding experience coupled with the added stress to navigate the unfamiliar as well as complex territory of welfare system of Australia to ensure one is undertaking correct action financially. An adult child will automatically get herself trapped in a converse responsibility of care as well as decision maker at such a time, facing choices like whether to engage in the sale of a family house or not to pay for ACC care cost of residential care, a matter which seemingly is never a straightforward decision (George, Harris Mitchell, 2012). The figure might be so challenging-aged-care accommodation bonds averaged 213,000.0 dollars countrywide in the year 2009, however, they are usually between 350,000.0 dollars and 450,000.0 dollars for homes located in large cities. At the leading edge, the prod one million dollar for a hotel-kind room in prestigious Sydney site. Further, however, nothing remains the way it appears and there exist the rationale certain individuals might choose to make payment for the high bond. Surely, such undertakings become substantial financial decisions and remains second biggest financial decision made when considering ACC care. Several people have ended up making such decisions in a hurry without considering the any financial implications and opportunities attached. To this end, an adult child needs to own the possibly stroppy but together essential discussion with their respective elderly parents alongside household consultants (Ji Yao, 2014). People who seek for ACC care encounter three categories of care including high care, low care, along with extra services. Low-care accommodation are accompanied with personal care facilities like assist with eating alongside bathing. Higher-care integrates services of nursing into this mix along with extreme needs. It should, however, never be substituted for extra services that describes a higher standard of accommodation, food, along with additional hotel-style services (Mario et al., 2016). Many people, unfortunately think it is merely a substance of placing their designation down at the ACC home, however, it really goes beyond that. Key to unlocking the ACC care system is ACAT form from Aged Care Assessment Team which determines the type of care and facility. This form is essential in helping one to attract the government subsidy. Managing cost in an ACC facility calls for earlier planning so as not to leave the decisions for the children. One must focus first on how to benefit from the government subsidies (Ebbesen Hope, 2013). Before choosing the best quality of care, one needs to work out his finances. A person has to factor in his upfront and ongoing costs along with having something put away for additional expenses which emerges, one will be able to figure out exactly what he can afford- and begin looking for ACC which meets his needs within his budget (Catanio, Armstrong Tucker, 2013). Getting financial advice is essential in managing aged care cost. The guidance of a Financial Adviser who is specialized in aged care make one to have support needed to manage government an aged care home-derived paperwork. The Financial Adviser will further work out the right payment alternatives for the clients situation, while concurrently making sure there is a steady cash flow to account for the clients immediate needs. What is more, Financial Adviser can guide his client through the biggest financial decisions he needs to make. This will be right from selling the family home to planning his estate. The Financial Adviser will assist one understand the longer run impacts of such cost and decisions, including the impacts on his pension as well as aged care means-tested fees. References Catanio, J. T., Armstrong, G., Tucker, J. (2013). The effects of project management certification on the triple constraint.International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM),4(4), 93-111. Ebbesen, J. B., Hope, A. (2013). Re-imagining the iron triangle: embedding sustainability into project constraints.PM World Journal,2(III). Elleh, F. U. (2013). Software-Enabled Project Management Techniques and Their Relationship to the Triple Constraints.ProQuest LLC. George, B., Harris, A., Mitchell, A. (2012). Cost-effectiveness analysis and the consistency of decision making. Pharmacoeconomics, 19(11), 1103-1109. Heldman, K. (2013).PMP: project management professional exam study guide. John Wiley Sons. Ji, X., Yao, K. (2014). Uncertain project scheduling problem with resource constraints.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1-6. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mario, R., Tonmukayakul, U., Manton, D., Stranieri, A., Clarke, K. (2016). Cost-analysis of teledentistry in residential aged care facilities. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 22(6), 326-332. Serrador, P., Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), 1040-1051. Silvius, A. J., Schipper, R. P. (2014). Sustainability in project management: A literature review and impact analysis.Social Business,4(1), 63-96. Stellingwerf, R., Zandhuis, A. (2013).ISO 21500 Guidance on project management-A Pocket Guide. Van Haren. Whittington, J. W., Nolan, K., Lewis, N., Torres, T. (2015). Pursuing the triple aim: the first 7 years.Milbank Quarterly,93(2), 263-300.